Case study Essay

Inuit was founded in 1983 by Scott Cook (Former Procter & Gamble employee) and Tom Proulx (Stanford University Programmer), that develops and sells financial and tax solution software for consumers and small to medium sized businesses. The company has always thrived to revolutionise people’s lives by solving their important business and financial management problems. Quicken was its product that was launched in 1984 and struggled the first year, but due to positive reviews in trade journals and print campaign strategies, Intuit got its first break and by 1988 Quicken was the best selling finance product on the market. Early 1990’s saw Intuit growing due to success of Quicken, QuickBooks and Turbotax. These products made some significant contribution in small businesses. Porter’s five forces Analysis for Inuit: Any organization strategy that you develop needs to include gaining a thorough understanding of the external environment that the organization is operating in. The most widely tool that can help you to do this is Porter’s five force analysis. Porter’s model considers five forces that determine the attractiveness of your market by analyzing the competitive intensity. Similarly Porter’s five forces will help Intuit the position of the market and how much do they really stand a chance in this competitive industry, with Microsoft trying to buy them off. 1. Threat of new entrant: Intuit’s marketing strategies have helped the company evolve. Positive word of mouth an exceptional customer services is its most effective marketing tools. Roughly 8 out of 10 customers have bought Intuit’s product and hence engaging with customers directly and communicating with customers on a timely basis has helped distinguish its products. This leads to a very low threat of new entrants in the market. Due to this it is very difficult for new company’s to enter the market and compete with Intuit. 2. Bargaining Power of Buyers: Since Inuit is not the only one in the market, Microsoft being the biggest competitor it increases the bargaining power of buyers giving them more than one option to choose from. Intuit is very well aware of this fact and hence spends significant amount of time and money on consumer research every year. It is very critical for Intuit to know how customers use and feel about their products. This is possible by adapting Site Visit, Lab Study and Remote study conducted by Intuit. 3. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: The only product that Intuit needs is a compact disc and since there are many suppliers of compact disc in the market, the bargaining power of suppliers is very low. This leads to huge competition between suppliers and Intuit has an advantage. 4. Threat for Substitute Products: There is no substitute product available for tax and financial planning software’s apart from hiring specialised people in your company in that field which is turns out to be very expensive and also time consuming. Hence there is no threat for substitute products for Intuit in the market. 5. The intensity of rivalry: Intuit faces huge competition in the market for the products they offer. Microsoft, one of their biggest competitors has tried to buy off Intuit but failed and also withdrawn its money product line after a 18 year battle with Quicken. This has been a great win for Intuit over the software giant. There are many companies providing mobile devices which have become very popular among the younger consumers and hence this increases the intensity of rivalry in the market that will be faced by Intuit. Potential Market entry methods for Intuit: Intuit has a very few ways it can enter the potential market i.e. mobile devices. Depending on various factors, Intuit can adopt acquisition. This will be very quick and fastest way to enter the mobile devices industry. Intuit can acquire some firms that are already in the mobile device  business, have a strong customer base and have all access to the company’s network files. Reference: Pearson Education Limited (2012). Marketing Management (14th ed.). Kotler Keller: Author. Submitted by: Anchal Pathak

One Shell Plaza

Dear Mr. Jones: Greetings! This letter of request comes from the External Affairs Department of our office, Strayer Foundation, a non-profit organization which commits itself in providing free basic education to underprivileged children, out-of-school youth, orphans and also to housewives and local cooperatives in the state of Virginia. We at the foundation would like to request for a thousand copies of handbooks which are part of your company’s â€Å"Come to Shell for Answers† campaign. Strayer Foundation believes that Shell Oil Company’s particular advertisement campaign could also be well utilized by the foundation as educational materials which in turn would be used in our outreach programs and educational missions throughout the state of Virginia. We at the foundation first got hold of your handbook during the National Plain English Conference held at the United States Department of Commerce in Washington, D.C. last month wherein Shell’s corporate advertising manager, Joseph C. Jones, Jr., handed one of Strayer Foundation’s representatives with a copy of the handbook which was specifically about Energy Consumption which we found very useful and informative. The foundation particularly lauds Shell Oil Company’s primary use of plain simple words in the campaign and its strong approach in conveying the message and providing useful information to the general public which could also be very useful in the fulfillment of the objectives of the foundation as well. In return for the request, the foundation could provide Shell Oil Company the following benefits: Provide favorable publicity for Shell Oil Company Increase in consumer awareness Help your firm in further enhancing reputation for responsive behavior Contribute to Shell’s credibility as a whole Differentiate Shell from the other oil companies in the industry We at Strayer Foundation believe that Shell Oil Company could approve this humble request in the pursuit of both our organizations’ objectives. We are hoping for your favorable response. Sincerely yours, Anjanee S. Balkissoon External Affairs Department Head Strayer Foundation

The Differences between Genders in Expressing Verbal Emotions Annotated Bibliography

The Differences between Genders in Expressing Verbal Emotions - Annotated Bibliography Example The key communicative styles mostly observed to be used by boys include businesslike, formal, diplomatic, energetic, externally oriented etc. while the common communicative styles of the girls were observed to be more emotional, sociable, expressive, emotional-difficult, and complaisant. In this book, the author discusses the various differences in communication styles of men and women. The chapter on "Gendered differences in language and aggressive / augmentative communication" in particular offers interesting insights the stereotypical verbal communication attributed to both the genders, that confines women to use a more ladylike language while the males are expected to more intense and authoritative. In this book discusses the various differences in between the two genders with regard the language used, including the manner in which the genders use grammar, gossip, what it means to talk like a lady etc. The key aim of this book is to communicate the manner in which society and culture affects the use of language between the genders. The author uses a range of data to explore the differences between the genders in spoken and written English. In this book the author discusses the stereotypes, myths, realities and similarities and differences surrounding the communication styles, both verbal as well as non-verbal among the two genders. the chapter on "Gender and verbal and non-verbal communication" (p. 133 - 154) by Marianne LaFrance & Jennifer L. Harris, is of key significance since it highlights the key differences between the genders with regard to verbal communication. In this study the authors aimed to examine the patterns in expression of verbal emotions between the two genders during their conversation with their parents. The key emotions observed during the study include sadness, anger and happiness. It was observed that the gender stereotypes in verbal expressions of emotions were true. The girls were found

Customer Protection Laws, Law of Torts and the Contract Act Essay

Customer Protection Laws, Law of Torts and the Contract Act - Essay Example On the part of the Company, it would be the purchase price consideration. Consideration, according to Jill Poole, in her book, Text Book on Contract Law, could be described as the action, inaction or promise thereof by one party, which stimulates action, inaction, or promise of another. (Poole 1996-2008, P. 3). The following case illustration would drive home the aspects regarding the law applicable in this case. A arranges with a lorry transport Company, B, to transfer his chattels and also paid advance towards this arrangement. However, during the actual movement of goods, the cases fall into the river. B is under contract with A and therefore, a breach of contract has resulted. Again, in this case, if A could prove negligence, B may be held negligible under Tort. Therefore, under such circumstances, the transport company could be held liable for actions under Contract, and also under Tort law, or both. In the Henderson v. Merritt Syndicate Limited case, the learned jury, Lord Goff observed â€Å"Approached as a matter of principle, therefore, it is right to attribute to that assumption of responsibility, together with its concomitant reliance, a tortuous liability and then to inquire whether or not that liability is excluded by the contract because the latter is inconsistent with it.† (Poole 1996-2008, P. 6). In this case study, it is seen that the product stopped functioning during the warranty period. This warranty is termed as â€Å"warranty of fitness† whereby the buyer agrees to purchase the laptop upon the express condition that, in the event of non-functioning within a period of six months, it would be repaired free of cost Answer.com: Consumer protection: Warranties. (Consumer protection. 2008).In this case, it could be said that there is an Express warranty that assures the quality, description, or performance of the product. These warranties may be less apparent than are product advertisements.  

Third Cinema (address one of the following questions) Essay

Third Cinema (address one of the following questions) - Essay Example Cinema has been divided into three categories, first, second and third cinema. Theses terms had their birth at the Bandung Conference of 1955, the first conference of the Non-Aligned Movement. China propagated the theory of the three distinct worlds. The first world i.e. the advanced capitalist countries included Western Europe, North America and Australasia; the second world i.e. the previous socialist countries of Eastern Europe and Soviet Union. The remaining countries were thus the third world, to which China stated its commitment. (1) First Cinema refers the model identified as the Hollywood movie. Also known as commercial or popular cinema, it corresponds to an ideology which the particular relationship between film and spectator is superfluous, where cinema is conceived as pure entertainment. Aim of this cinema is to maximize profits. This kind of film is made for display in large theatres, with a standardized duration either feature-length or blockbuster. All types of films come under this category even scientific documentary is susceptible to the aspirations of big money. Second Cinema is also known as art or parallel cinema. Parallel cinema has its own structures, patterns of distribution and exhibition, and its own ideologies. Art has become a cinema made by and for the limited social groups. It expresses the aspirations of the middle layers, the petty bourgeoisie and consequently is often revolutionary but pessimist and sometimes mystical. Like first cinema all categories of films may be found in this category. There is a deliberate uncertainty in the term ‘Third Cinema’ which requires clarification. The term ‘Third Cinema’ is derived from the correspondence with the term ‘third world’, referring to the underdeveloped countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America. In the dependent countries, third cinema is a cinema of de-colonization, which expresses the will to national liberation,

MILITARY TRANSFORMATION BETWEEN WWII AND THE GLOBAL WAR ON TERRORISM Essay

MILITARY TRANSFORMATION BETWEEN WWII AND THE GLOBAL WAR ON TERRORISM - Essay Example There have been several changes in technological, political and socio-economic arena during 19th and 20th centuries. The management strategies of all the governments in different governing bodies also undergone modifications. US military has also undergone significant transformation in these two centuries in general and post World War II period in particular (Flinor Sloan, 2008). The transformation is a continuous process and it will under go more so in future too. Based on the nature of challenges and foreign policies of other nations, US military transformation would develop its style. Earlier, the issue was World War II and several other nations were under colonial control of few nations, hence its strategies were different. However, with reduction in need for world wars and due to concentration on other economic issues, significant transformation occurred in recent years. The major challenge before all nations including US is terrorism. Military forces have to apply different app roach to tackle this deadly menace. At the same time, US military alone can’t tackle this challenge and it requires strong cooperation and coordination from other nations. Hence this necessitated the strong transformation of US military since World War II. The present essay examines the nature of transformation of US military, reasons for its transformation, various components of its transformation and future options. As discussed earlier, with the change in socio-political scenarios in USA and the remaining world, the priorities and objectives of US military witnessed a clear transformation. Hence it can be mentioned that socio-economic structural changes are one of the main reasons for significant transformation in US military since World War II period. The growing extent of global terrorism in the recent years led to change in US military style and structure. Especially after the attack of World Trade Centre in New

Management (Bounded rationality) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management (Bounded rationality) - Essay Example Emotions act on a wide range of situations causing biases and errors (Rabin 1998). In short this means that in certain circumstances the complex, human logical apparatus ceases to process rationality, which establishes grounds for the emergence of bounded rationality. "The other is that in interactive situations of complication, agents cannot rely upon other agents they are dealing with to behave under perfect rationality, and so they are forced to guess their behavior. This lands them in a world of subjective beliefs, and subjective beliefs Bounded rationality plays on suggestion. Bounded rationality could affect managers, because there is not enough information for the manager to make the rational decision. In such occasions, he has to rely on suggestive guesses and interpretations. This may create errors and mistakes in the strategic course that the organization is taking. Beach (1996) describes the implicit favorite model of decision making. First, the need for taking a decision is determined. Then, alternatives are identified and a selection for the implicit favorite alternative is chosen. Afterwards, criteria must be established to match the implicit favorite and alternatives a compared with the implicit favorite criteria. At the end the implicit favorite is confirmed and finally selected. ... The selection can be influenced by the salary, proximity of the office, extra working hours, business trips and job position. How could you utilize the intuition in making your decision And when The business world is a dynamic one and recently is has become less structured too. Thus, managers are forced to use their intuition in essential situations especially when there is lack of information. Intuition is often mistaken for emotions, though. Although intuition is formed in subconscious level, the intuitive decision making is a combination of quick qualitative and quantitative analyses (Quinn 1980). Intuition can help decision making, because it is based on past experiences and knowledge deeply rooted in your subconscious rational thinking. Thus, relying on our intuition can aid us in situations when there is little information available. Intuition can be used in situations when the circumstances are rapidly changing and there is no time for analyses. Intuition is needed also in expedient decision making when the problem is poorly defined and structured. If the deal is not structured, incomplete, there are conflicting points or ambiguity, intuition is required. Perceptual blinder is one of four reasons that increase the escalation of commitment, list the other three and elaborate on the Perceptual blinder We can define escalation of commitment as the tendency to invest additional financial resources in seemingly losing non beneficial projects, because they cost already lots of efforts, money and time. The perceptual blinder can influence the escalation of commitment on the bases of emotions - fears or anger. Staw and Ross (1987) summarized several reasons for the formation of

Psychopharmacology, drugs and addiction-heroin Essay

Psychopharmacology, drugs and addiction-heroin - Essay Example It is used both as a pain killer as well as a recreational drug. Some of its popular street names are – junk, dope Jenny, brown, diesel, smack, gear, dragon, hammer and ice-cubes. Heroin is a whitish brown powder or sometimes a sticky black substance called â€Å"black tar heroin†. It is usually injected, sniffed, snorted or smoked. An intravenous injection takes a very short time of 5 to 7 seconds for the drug to enter a person’s brain. It immediately metabolizes and gives the person a flush of â€Å"euphoria† (light headedness). The other methods take a longer time. Just like all other opiates, Heroin too is capable of creating high tolerance thresholds in the body. The great risk of heroin addiction is that the user can build a tolerance of the drug 3 to 4 times more than the lethal limit of a normal person. These high thresholds make heroin detoxification all the more painful and difficult for the heroin addict. Heroin withdrawal is not only painful but also frightening. The withdrawal phase lasts anywhere between 48 to 72 hours since the last dose of heroin intake. The withdrawal symptoms include – dilated pupils, Muscle cramps, Nausea and vomiting, periodic chills, panic spells, goose bumps, diarrhea, malaise, fever and profuse sweating.. Addicts who have undergone these withdrawal symptoms describe their experience by saying –â€Å"it was the worse case of the flu† they had ever had. An addict has alternate wakeful and drowsy spells with clouded mental functioning. An overdose may sometimes lead to death and using the needle used by an infected person could result in HIV/AIDS or Hepatitis. Death could also be the end result if the addict has a high tolerance of heroin withdrawal. Some addicts complain of a stressful condition called â€Å"itchy blood† which results in compulsive scratching causing bruises on the body. An overdose of heroin is usually counter acted

PETA ( People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) Research Paper

PETA ( People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) - Research Paper Example PETA is often criticized for its radical and sometimes controversial approach towards social protest. Still even some of the avid detractors of PETA respect the validity and nobleness of its cause (Stevens, 2010). Introduction to People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, popularly known as PETA, was founded in 1980, by the efforts and collaboration of two much experienced and dedicated animal rights activists, Ingrid Newkirk and Alex Pacheco. PETA is a not for profit organization with 300 salaried employees, backed by a committed pool of two million members and supporters, which includes some of the really famous celebrities and personalities (Stevens, 2010). PETA claims to be the biggest animal rights organization in the world. The motto of PETA is â€Å"animals are not ours to eat, wear, experiment, on or use for entertainment (PETA: Online). The core issues regarding the cruelty towards animals that PETA focuses on are, fighti ng against the exploitation of animals for entertainment (circuses, fishing, buying animals as pets from pet stores or companies, dog fighting, cock fighting, bull fighting, etc), using animals for carrying out scientific experiments and tests, fur farming and organized factory farming (Stevens, 2010, p. 6). Framing of the Animal Rights Issue by PETA The animal rights groups that existed before PETA were predominantly conservative, whose approach towards the issue was at the best, mild and reconciliatory. In 1981, just a couple of months after its conception, PETA brought the issue of animal rights to the forefront of American socio-political platform, by creating a controversy around the issue of cruelty inflicted on a group of macaque monkeys by the researchers at the Institute of Behavioral Research in Silver Spring, Maryland, leading to the first ever police raid on an animal laboratory in America, followed by an amendment in the Animal Welfare Act in 1985 (Macionis, 2010: Steve ns, 2010). PETA, right from the start was well aware of the fact that the issue of cruelty towards animals was considered something not so important as to attract public attention, unless it is presented and highlighted with ample glitz, media coverage, drama and attention grabbing and disturbing visual content projecting cruelty on animals (Pace, 2005, p. 37). Considering the deluge of human problems facing the society, animal rights were not something that commanded a top priority on the public and political agenda. Thus, any approach towards challenging the existing status quo must need to have a SHOCK appeal. Therefore, every activity of PETA be it political lobbying, protests, media campaigns, undercover investigations, has this quintessential X factor that is unexceptionally always successful in grabbing public attention and jolting the mass conscience. This accompanied by a parallel strategy aimed at reaching out to and educating the people, pursuing a hot and cold approach t owards the targeted corporations and pressurizing the corporate managements by becoming a stockholder (Tkac, 2006, p. 6). PETA is an animal rights group that has been both famous as well as notorious for its innovative, wacky, controversial, disturbing and nerdy approach towards framing, campaigning and protest. One big success of

Produce a table of four profitability ratios, four efficiency ratios Assignment

Produce a table of four profitability ratios, four efficiency ratios and two liquidity ratios for each enterprise below. Written Report - Assignment Example Daley has a current ratio of 1.3: 1 which is lower than Macey’s despite having both, more current assets and liabilities. It is however, still enough to meet its short term obligations. Both companies have a good liquidity position, which prevents them from having to sell off their inventory in order to pay their short term debts. Without liquidating their inventories, both companies can easily manage their short term obligations through their most liquid current assets. Daley has a better inventory turnover ratio which indicates that it takes less time to sell off its finished products. With less cash tied up in inventory and considerably lower cost of goods sold, Daley takes approximately 10 days less than Macey to convert its goods into sales. Customers of Daley are taking twice as long to repay the company which means that the receivable collection is not timely. Compared to Macey, Daley has a lot tied up in the form of receivables, more than 1.5 times as much as Macey. Its sales are also approximately $300 million less than Macey’s. Macey’s receivable collection seems to be within their average length of time taken to recover cash. These figures indicate that both the firms deal in some sort of fast moving consumer goods to able to recover cash within 2-3 days. Daley’s utilization of fixed assets is better than Macey’s with a ratio of 8.9 times. For every $1 invested in fixed assets, Daley is making $8.9 in sales. On the other hand, Macey is making only $5.5 in sales for every $1 invested in fixed assets. Macey has higher sales than Daley but it also has approximately twice the amount of fixed assets. This signifies that Macey has too much invested in fixed assets. Daley, despite having higher current assets and lower sales than Macey’s, has a better total asset turnover. Macey’s investment in fixed asset seems to be unnecessary and is affecting its ability to generate sufficient sales with regards to the amount of fixed assets

Entrepreneurship Essay Example for Free

Entrepreneurship Essay This report will mainly focus on the traits, characteristics and skills of entrepreneurs used in three different context i. e. small, social and larger scale business, to manage, develop and sustain the business. It initiates with highlighting the term entrepreneur and entrepreneurship from different authors followed by theories on entrepreneurship to get a better understanding of traits and characteristics in detail. Then is states the benefits of entrepreneurial traits and characteristics. It will then focus on how small business entrepreneurs use their traits and skills to develop and manage the business supporting it with detailed examples of the famous entrepreneurs. Further explains the skills and traits used by social entrepreneurs and large-scale entrepreneurs in business with different examples to get a deep understanding. Evaluating and comparing difference between all three entrepreneurs and traits and skills used by them, intrapreneurship is been explained in large businesses followed by the detailed conclusion in the end. Introduction Entrepreneur and Entrepreneurship An entrepreneur is a person who manages, systematizes and assumes the risks of conducting a business. An entrepreneur can be described as a agent for change. He is a person who is willing to take risks usually financial in the pursuit of new ventures to make profits. (Casson, 2002) According to Schumpeter â€Å"entrepreneurs are innovators who use a process of shattering the status quo of the existing products and services, to set up new products, new services†. Schumacher, 1973) The process of finding unique ways of combining and blending resources is been known as entrepreneurship. If the market value generated by the resources combined together is greater than the market value of these resources individually, the entrepreneur generates a profit. Suppose an entrepreneur who takes all the necessary resources to produce a pair of jeans that can be sold for twenty pounds, instead use the same resources to produce a backpack that can be sold for forty pounds will definitely make a profit by increasing the value those resources generates. Sobel, 2008) The entrepreneurship starts with an action, the constructing of new business including the antecedents to its foundation, looking for the opportunities in the environment, spotting the opportunity that needs to be practiced and then evaluating the reasonability of the new business enterprise. (Kirby, 2003) Traits and characteristics of an Entrepreneur It is important to consider and look at some entrepreneurial theories by authors explaining what entrepreneurship is, when we are discussing entrepreneurial characteristics and traits. It is necessary to do so because it has straight connection with recognizing the traits and characteristics of an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurship is been mainly described in two approaches utilized by different authors. The personality traits approach of Entrepreneurship is the first and the second is behavioral approach of Entrepreneurship. In the traits approach the personality type examines the entrepreneur. The entrepreneur is been judged based on their personality, characteristics and their traits to enable the identity of an entrepreneur understandable. These unique characteristics in a person make them stand different among the crowd called as traits of an entrepreneur. As these are the key and influential factors behind the accomplishment of an entrepreneur. (Kaufman, P. J. , Dant, R. P. , 1998) * The qualities of an entrepreneur include taking counted risk, ability to motivate others, leadership skills and skills to overcome the crises, innovative and creative nature. * They are certainly the leaders and in the process of innovative destruction, they are major contributors. They are open to new ideas, offers and people and try to figure the hidden opportunities in ever changing environment. (Kaufman, P. J. , Dant, R. P. , 1998) The behavioral approach aims at spotting, expressing and explaining the clear behavior of an entrepreneur. The traits of an entrepreneur are difficult or impossible to change but behavior is something that they learn like skills and abilities. It is more concentrated on what an entrepreneur does to develop a new venture and further to be establish. (Cuervo. A, Ribeiro. D, Roig. S, 2007) By the above approaches, we can see the relation between the traits and the skills of an entrepreneur that enables them to be successful in the world. For successfully completing the set of activities as designed in the mind the skills and traits plays an important role in entrepreneurship. It is crucial to apply the characteristics and traits while developing the opportunities of the entrepreneurship among various types of business. (James L. Fisher and James V. Koch, 2008) Importance of Traits and Characteristics in an Entrepreneur The success in business comes from various factors but the major factor in a success of business is the entrepreneur him/herself. The personality of an entrepreneur plays more important role than the other features like business knowledge etc. as it tells how strongly the entrepreneurs believes in them and the further the success f their business. Entrepreneurs are the people who think big and intermittently end up generating a change around the globe with their confidence and zeal. Not every other person can cope up with the business situations only entrepreneurs can, which makes them different from the crowd. Thus while starting up and running a business the entrepreneurs must know their strengths and weaknesses as entrepreneurship entails the skill to form a founding team with matching characteristics and skills. (Timmons, 1994) How entrepreneurs use their traits and characteristics in small business A small business is a business, which is usually independently owned and funded, has less than 100 employees working and does not have much impact on ts industry to which it belongs. (Hatten, 2012). Innovation is the trait that most of the entrepreneurs possess, while setting a small business entrepreneurs think differently and try to achieve their planned thoughts by their commitment and passion. Commitment and passion in a person is important even when they are not in the business context as these characteristics makes the person confident and focused in their lives. Taking an example of Max the young entrepreneur who came with an idea of introducing a product named Toepener. Toepener is a simple handle located on the bottom of the doors of the washrooms that enables the users to open the door using their foot; this innovation was been brought in the market because some people are little extra hygiene conscious when using public washrooms. It is a clever solution, as according to the website one third of the individuals do not wash their hands while leaving the restroom therefore Toepener has turned out to be a solution to this issue. Max got the inspiration to produce this innovation by the restroom in this dorm. 5 Examples of Creative, Daring and Successful Young Entrepreneurs, 2011). Therefore, in the above example we have seen the young entrepreneur who has started a small business with his innovative creation, a remedy for the problem around the globe. The idea was great but the skills and traits he need to make that idea into practice were his focus and believe in him to succeed in the market with the zeal. According to others, it was a problem but for Max it was an opportunity and he used his creativity to make this his stepping-stone. Passion in an entrepreneur is also a very much-needed characteristic in order to follow their dreams with confidence and high enthusiasm. Taking an example, Shannon Guderian who was just an ordinary person who loves the car Ford Mustang from his childhood, at the age of 15, his mother bought him his own 1965 Mustang. He was very passionate about the Ford Mustangs and believed it represents freedom and image. He worked for mustang Parts Company after completing his school; at the age of 26, he quit his job and followed his dream. He took bank loan, sold his car for the finance, bought inventory, and carried out his own small business in a hole in a wall of dimensions 650 square foot. From there he followed his passion for Mustangs and currently doing a business in a 27000 square foot building with annual sales reaching over $10 million. Guderian is an entrepreneur characterized by his passion for Mustangs and passion for people and he says people do trade with people not with organizations. Longenecker, 2008) Above example of Guderian demonstrates how the entrepreneur used his passion for Mustangs in developing a small business and developing it steadily to next level. His passion for Mustangs made him what he is today, his indispensible characteristic i. e. passion which motivated and influenced him to follow his dream for Mustang cars with self-confidence and zeal. How entrepreneurs use their traits and skills in social enterprises Before concentrating on the characteristics of social entrepreneurs we shoul d know what are they and where they work. A social entrepreneur is a person with unique and innovative solutions to solve the most imperative social problems of the society. They usually tackle the major issues of the society and offer their thoughts for the change and welfare of the society. They do not depend on the government to take actions they rather analyze what is going wrong and take appropriate measure to resolve the issues for the betterment of the society. (What is a Social Entrepreneur, N. D. The enterprise which conducts its trade for social or environmental purpose and not for making profits are been called social enterprise. Social enterprise have social mission, the enterprise know what they are trying to achieve, whom they are aiming to help and how they will help. They usually reinvest their profits to their social missions and do not share among the shareholders. (About Social Enterprise, N. D. ) The main characteristics of social entrepreneurs are examining opportunities available and making use of it wi th clear social goals to benefit the society. As they identify opportunity by scanning the society and picking a need that has not been fulfill properly or at all. Social entrepreneurs are ambitious and always willing to do the welfare of the society if got a chance. (London, M. Morfopoulos, G. R. , 2009) For example: The Grameen bank (village bank) which was been started in 1983 by Muhammad Yunus in Bangladesh revolutionized the economy. The bank offers micro loans to the people that are not financial sound, to help impoverished citizens achieve financial self-sufficiency through the medium of self-employment. Muhammad Yunus went against the advice of the banks and government and purely believing in him and opened the bank on the principles of trust and solidarity. The bank helped people a lot, raised their standard of living and gave them a chance to make their life as they wanted. It became so popular that 58 more countries adopted this method of Grameen Bank including US, France etc. This results in the welfare of the society as Muhammad Yunus fulfilled the desires of the nation and raise the people of the country over poverty. Biography of Dr. Muhammad Yunus, 2011). From the above example it is evident that how Muhammad Yunus the social entrepreneur was able to make use of his skills and traits of being ambitious and identifying the opportunity to help the society with his social goal to benefit them. Social entrepreneurs have the skills to communicate their vision and motivating people to contribute to their aspiring social objectives. Drive and strong willpower are also fundamental characteristics of a social entrepreneur. (London, M. Morfopoulos, G. R. 2009) For example: KIPP (knowledge is power program) founded in 1994 with a strong thought to make a classroom which will help children to develop their skills, knowledge, personality and qualities to be successful when they will go to college and make a good future for their communities. The founders of KIPP Mike Feinberg and Dave Levin with their skills to communicate their idea with the people of educating underserved children and also motivating their parents and guardians to make the children join the school to create a bright future. KIPP offers free open enrolment to the students and has 125 KIPP schools with 39000 students. As by this brilliant program, the lives of the young children’s are now on track and further results in an excellent future. (KIPP, 2012) Thus, we can conclude from the above example that entrepreneurs like Mike Feinberg and Dave Levin used their skills and characteristics in developing a social enterprise, which include their determination, drive and ambitious social goals for the welfare of the children. They also used their trait as motivating others and making others believe in what they are doing and influencing them to support them. Use of traits and skills of an Entrepreneur in large-scale business Entrepreneurs are been portrayed as risk takers and it is proved that they certainly take risk for their growth as an entrepreneur. It is a very true and famous saying by A. P. Gourthev â€Å"To get profit without risk, experience without danger, and reward without work, is as impossible as it is to live without being born. † Therefore, more risk, more profit is right in the context of an entrepreneur. Tolerance of risk, aim focused, self-believing and innovation are essential and important traits of an entrepreneur functioning in large-scale organizations. (Longenecker, G. J. , Moore,W. C. , Petty, W. J. , Palich, E. L. , 2006) Example: Darren Richards is a well-known and successful entrepreneur of the UK who started his business from nothing and built millions of pounds. Darren is an owner of a Website named datingdirect. com as the site needs personal information about the individual and helps people to find friends and partners. The innovative idea came to Darren’s mind when he was surfing the net after his breakup with his female friend. He was looking for someone to have relation with over the internet but he concluded that every result was coming for US not for UK. So keeping that in mind, he saw an opportunity to develop a site, which enables the men and women to meet and be friends in their close enough area in UK. In 1999, he spent ? 2,500 for the website and got 40,000 members within three months. Then he had an agreement with the manager of Barclays Bank to permit him the facility of the credit cards payment, as the website charges ? 5 a month, which users can pay from the credit cards etc. The concept of his worked, as in 2007, the website has over 4. 5 million members and making millions of profit. (Darren Richards Entrepreneur, 2010) The example above clarifies that Darren Richards is innovative as he thought out of the box idea and sticking to it till he succeed, he certainly took risk by investing on the website. Thus, we can conclude that Darren Richards had certainly used his traits, characteristics and skills in order to develop his business and be successful entrepreneur. Creativity and leadership are other indispensible qualities of an entrepreneur. (Charantimath, 2006) Sir Richard Branson the chairman of the Virgin group are been possessed by creative thinking and leadership quality to manage, lead and influence other to pursue you. Sir Richard formed Virgin Airlines in 1984 that is one of his main businesses. He is so creative that he has a list of businesses done like virgin records, virgin rail, virgin airlines, virgin cola, virgin mobile, virgin earth etc. He has diverse his field of business and always expanded the business with his different approach to think and qualities to manage under these diverse sectors. (Richard Branson Biography, 2005) Many of his upcoming projects like virgin money and many more that is yet to be announced. Therefore, it is evident that how being creative and leadership qualities help entrepreneurs to expand, develop and create chances out of nothing. As Branson is famous for his business risks and daring adventures in real life, he learnt from all of his experiences and many of his letdowns led to innovation and success.

Properties of Prunus Persica Linn

Properties of Prunus Persica Linn Review on Phytochemical and Pharmacological Properties of Prunus persica Linn. Monika Rana *1, Deepak Kashyap2, Atul Kabra3 ABSTRACT Prunus persica Linn. Batsch (Family: Rosaceae), commonly known as Peach tree in English and Aru in Hindi, is native to Persia, China and also distributed in Australia, India and USA. Traditionally, the plant used in the treatment of constipation, laryngitis, menostasis, dermopathy and contusion. The major phytoconstituents reported in the plant include amygdalin, prunasin, persicaside, ÃŽ ²-sitosterol, quercetin etc. Pharmacological studies reported in this plant are antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antiphotoaging, antitumor and spasmogenic effects. This review provides valuable information on phytochemical, pharmacological and traditional properties of the Prunus persica which will help the researcher for further studies. Keywords: Prunus persica Linn.; phytochemical; pharmacological; amygdalin. INTRODUCTION According to the World Health Organization, more than 80% of the world’s population mostly in poor and less developed countries depend on plant-based medicines for their primary health care needs.[1] About 35,000 plant species are being used in various human cultures around the world for medicinal purposes.[2] About 170 active compounds currently isolated from higher plants are widely used in modern medicine. Even today, approximately 80 % of such compounds depict a positive correlation between their modern therapeutic use and the traditional use of the plants from which they are derived. At least 7,000 medicinal compounds in the modern pharmacopoeia are derived from plants.[3,4] Prunus persica Linn. Batsch (Family: Rosaceae), commonly known as Peach tree in English and Aru in Hindi, is native to Persia, China and also distributed in Australia and USA. In India, it is cultivated only in the Himachal Pradesh, Kashmir and Uttar Pradesh.[5-7] Traditionally, the plant used in the treatment of constipation, laryngitis, menostasis, dermopathy and contusion.[8] Synonymns P. persica Linn. is also known by other names i.e. Pygeum persica Linn., Amygdalus persica Linn.[5] Vernacular Names P. persica Linn. has various vernacular names[6,8,10] as mentioned in Table 1. Table 1. Various vernacular names of Prunus persica Linn. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION The peach is a small, deciduous and glabrous tree which grows upto 6m in height (Figure 1). The leaves of the plant are simple, alternate, long-lanceolate, serrulate, 8-15 cm long, 15-35 mm wide, petioles 1-1.5 cm, with glands and small stipules. The flowers of the peach are 1-2 cm in diameter, bisexual, pink, sepals pubescent on exterior, sepals and petals 5, stamens many, inserted with the petals on the calyx tube, pistil1, with 2 ovules. The fruit of the plant is 1-5 cm in diameter, tomentulose, drupe, with a fleshy outer layer surrounding a hard stone containing the seed, the stone deeply sculptured in the month of April- May. The fruit is matured in the season of August- September.[8] Figure 1: Plant of Prunus persica Figure 2: Fruit of Prunus persica Geographical Distribution Prunus persica is native to China and Persia. This plant is also cultivated in USA, New Zealand, Australia and Temperate Asia. In India, it is cultivated in Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Utttar Pradesh, and to a limited extend in Nilgiris. The plant is also distributed in the Pakistan, Japan and in the Deccan Region.[5-7] Ethnomedicinal Use The leaves of the plant are used as anthelmintic, insecticidal, laxative, sedative and vermicidal and also in the treatment of piles, leucoderma, and whooping cough. The fruit is used as an aperients, aphrodisiac, antipyretic, antiscorbtic, brain tonic, demulcent, mouth freshener, stomachic and useful in thirst, biliousness and â€Å"kapha†. [5,6,10] The oil from the seeds is abortifacient, good in piles, deafness, earache, stomach troubles of children.[10] The flowers are used as an anthelmintic and purgative.[7] CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS Prunus persica Linn. contains cyanogenetic glycosides, namely, amygdalin and prunasin[11,12] as the major constituents isolated from the seeds along with the glycerides,[13,14], sterols[15] and emulsin[16]. Rho et al. (2007) reported a new alkaloidal compound, persicaside, isolated from methanol soluble extract of the seed.[17] The stem bark of the plant contains 6-hydroxy 4-methoxy 2-O-ÃŽ ²-D-glucopyranoside, Crysophenol 8-O-ÃŽ ²-D-glactopyranoside, ÃŽ ²-sitosterol and Quercetin[18]. The leaves of the plant contains the caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, kaempferol, quercetin, quercetin-3-glycoside, quercetin-3-rhamnoside, quinic acid, tannin, urosolic acid and zeaxanthin[19]. The essential oil from the plant contains the 130 compounds, the most important of which are benzaldehyde, limonene, 1-methylethylhydrazine, 4-ethenyl-1,4-dimethyl cyclohexene and 3-carene.[21] Fixed oil, called persic oil extracted from the seeds contains ÃŽ ²-sitosterol, and squalene [Figure 2] .[7] Figure 2. Various chemical constituents present in Prunus persica Linn. Traditional Uses About  ½ teaspoon of young leaves, pounded and mixed with water, is given twice daily after meal in dysentery. The leaves warmed over fire are rubbed against insect bite and pain in eyes. The pounded young leaves are applied on wounds for killing the wound worms in case of animals such as cow and mithun.[21] The paste of the plant along the table salt and water is applied on affected skin twice a day to kill germs in wounds and fungal infection.[22] The powdered seeds is mixed with water and usually applied on hands as vulnerary during winters.[23] The fruits of the peach is used in the treatment of damaged hair.[24] Therapeutic uses The plant is used to remove maggots from wounds and also used as demulcent and lubricant.[25,7] Crushed leaves are used to stain palms and feet, in wound healing, burning sensation, colouring palms and feet.[26] The oil extracted from seeds is applied externally for massaging in rheumatism.[27] Veterinary uses The plant leaves are used as a anthelmintic in traditional veterinary practices for the treatment of helminthosis in animals.[28,29] Non-medicinal Uses The fruits of the plant are edible, leaves serve as fodder and stem as firewood.[23] Root bark is used as a dye.[30] PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES Anti-inflammatory activity Prunus persica Linn. possessed anti-inflammatory activitiy against rat osteoblast sarcoma cells whereas in carregenan induced paw edema it showed anti-inflammatory activity at a dose of 250 mg/kg. .[17,18,31] Antiallergic activity The ethanolic extract of the plant inhibits mast cell-mediated allergic inflammatory reaction by controlling calcium influx and NF-jB signaling.[32] Antiphotoaging effect The plant possesses the anti-photoaging effect which was assessed by DPPH, Western blot and reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction analysis. A compound named 2-methoxy-5-(2-methyl propyl) pryazine isolated from the peach was responsible for this activity.[33] Antitumor activity The cyanogenic glycosides, amygdalin and prunasin, isolated from Prunus persica seeds, significantly inhibited the Epstein-Barr virus early antigen activation induced by tumor promoter and showed anti-tumor activity.[12] Protection against skin carcinogenesis The Ku-35 extract of the plant showed protection against UV-induced DNA damage and carcinogenesis when applied topically.[34] Protection against UV-induced skin damage The protective effects of the flower extract of the plant (KU-35) were evaluated against solar ultraviolet (UV)-induced skin damage using in vivo models of UVB-induced erythema in guinea pigs and ear edema in ICR mice. Ku-35, a new cosmetic ingredient, showed protection from UVB-induced skin damage by topical application.[35] Spasmogenic effect The aqueous extract of peach leaves caused a dose-dependent spasmogenic effect at the dose range of 1–10 mg/ml in isolated guinea pig ileum.[36] REFERENCES WHO. IUCN and WWF: Guidelines on the conservation of medicinal plants, IUCN Gland, Switzerland 1993; 1:4-6 WHO. Quality control guidelines for medicinal plant materials. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008. Fabricant DS, Farnsworth NR. The Value of Plants Used in Traditional Medicine for Drug Discovery. Environ Health Perspect 2001;109: 69-75. Harvey A. The place of natural products in drug discovery. Drug Plus Int. 2004; 3: 6-8. Nadkarni KM. Indian Materia Medica, Ist Vol., Bombay, India: Popular Prakashan; 1976: 1036-37. Pulliah T. Encyclopedia of World Medicinal Plants. India: Regency; 2006: 1620-1621. Bhattacharjee SK. Hand Book of Aromatic Plants, 1st ed., Jodhpur, India: Popular Offset Service Pvt. Ltd; 2000:119–471 WHO. Medicinal Plants in The Republic Of Korea. Manila: World Health Organization; 1998. The Wealth of India (Raw Material), New Delhi: Council of Industrial and scientific Research; 2005; 8: 274-79. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian medicinal plants with illustrations. Dehradun, India: Oriental Enterprises; 2003: 1334-37. Fukuda T, Ito H, Mukainaka T, Tokuda H, Nishino H, Yoshida T. Anti- tumor promoting effect of glycosides from Prunus persica seeds. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2003; 26(2): 271-273. Ministry of Health and Welfare, â€Å"The Japanese Pharmacopoeia 14th Edition,† ed. by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan; 2001:803-806. Takenaga A, Ito S, Tsuyuki H, Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkaishi 1982; 29:724-729. Kosuge T, Ishida H, Ishii M. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1985; 33:1496-1498. Morishige H, Ida Y, Shoji J. Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1983; 37: 46-51. Fujisaki M, Ishizawa K. Symposia on Enzyme Chem. 1952; 7: 95. Rho JR, Jun CS, Ha YA, Yoo MJ, Cui MX, Baek HS, et al. Isolation and Characterization of a New Alkaloid from the Seed of Prunus persica L. and its anti-inflammatory activity. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2007; 28 (8):1289. Raturi R, Sati SC, Singh H, Sati MD, Bahuguna P, Badoni PP et al. Chemical examination and anti-inflammatoty activity of Prunus Persica stem bark. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. 2011; 3 (5):315-317. Duke JA. Handbook of Phytochemical Constituents of GRAS Herbs and Other Economic Plants. Florida: CRC Press; 1992:488-490. Hekai R, Weiliang J, Xianglong S. Study on chemical components of the essential oils from Prunus persica and P. davidiana. Chinese Tradit. Patent Med. 1992; 14: 33-34. RC Srivastava Nyishi Community. Traditional knowledge of Nyishi (Daffla) tribe of Arunachal Pradesh. Indian J. Tradit. Know. 2007; 9 (1):26- 37. Abbasi AM, Kham MA, Ahmed M, Zafar M. Herbal medicine used to cure various ailments by the inhabitants of Abbottabad district, North West Frontier Province, Pakistan. Indian J. Tradit. Know. 2010; 9(1):175-183. Hussain F, Shah SM, Sher H. Traditional Resource Evaluation of Some Plants Of Mastuj, District Chitral, Pakistan. Pak J. Bot. 2007; 39(2):3339-54. Nidal A. Jaradat. Medical Plants Utilized in Palestinian Folk Medicine for Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiac diseases. J. Al-Aqsa Unv. 2005;9:1-28. Singh VK, Ali ZA, Siddiqui MK. Folk medicinal plants of the Garhwal and Kumaon forests of Uttar Pradesh, India. Hamd Med. 1997;40:35-47. Abbasi AM, Khan MA, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Jahan S, Sultana S. Ethnopharmacological application of medicinal plants to cure skin diseases and in folk cosmetics among the tribal communities of North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2010;128:322-335. Sharma J, Painuli RM. Plants used for the treatment of Rheumatism by the Bhoxba tribe of District Dehradun, Uttarkhand, India. Int. J. Med. Arom. Plants 2011;1:28-32. Hussain A, Khan MN, Iqbal Z, Sajid MS. An account of the botanical anthelmintics used in traditional veterinary practices in Sahiwal district of Punjab, Pakistan. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2008;119:185-190. Akhtar, MS. Anthelmintic evaluation of indigenous medicinal plants for veterinary usage-final research report (1983–1988). Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.1988. The Useful Plants of India, Fifth Reprint. New Delhi: NISCAIR; 2006:496. Deb L, Tripathi A, Bhowmik D, Dutta AS, Kumar KPS. Anti-inflammatory activity of N-Butanol Fraction Of Prunus Persica L aqueous extract. The Pharma Res. 2010; 4:74-78. Shin TY, Park SB, Yoo JS, Kim IK, Lee HS, Kwond TK, et al. Anti-allergic inflammatory activity of the fruit of Prunus persica: Role of calcium and NF-jB. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2010; 48: 2797–2802. Han S, Park KK, Chung WY, Lee SK, Kim J, Hwang JK. Antiphotoaging effect of 2- methoxy-5-(2-methyl propyl) pyrazine isolated from peach (Prunus persica (L) Batsch). Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2010;19(6):1667-1671. Heoa MY, Kima SH, Yang HE, Lee SH, Jo BK, Kima HP. Protection against ultraviolet B and C-induced DNA damage and skin carcinogenesis by the flowers of Prunus persica extract. Mutat Res. 2001;496:47-59. Kim YH, Yang HE, Park BK, Heo MY, Jo BK, Kim HP et al. The extract of the flowers of Prunus persica, a new cosmetic ingredient, protects against solar ultraviolet-induced skin damage in vivo. J. Cosmet Sci. 2002;53:27-34. Gilani AH, Aziz N, Ali SM, Saeed M. Pharmacological basis for the use of peach leaves in constipation. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;73:87-93.

Global Burden of E-Waste: Health and Environmental Impacts

Global Burden of E-Waste: Health and Environmental Impacts Introduction E-waste or Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) is the term used to describe old, end-of-life or discarded appliances using electricity which includes computers, consumer electronics, fridges etc. that have been disposed of by their original users (Lundgren 2012). unfortunately, this definition is one of many because there is no standard definition of e-waste. Electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) is currently the largest growing waste stream in the glob due to rapid technology innovation, ever-shortening product lifespans and increase of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) consumption (Lundgren 2012). This growing has major health, environmental and economic impacts especially in developing countries. According to the United Nation Environment (UN environment), computers lifespan has decreased from six years in 1997 to two years in 2005 in developed countries (un environment 2017). Widmer et al., 2005 estimated that e-waste constitutes 8% of the total municipal solid waste. In 2014, the total e-waste generated worldwide was estimated to be about 41.8 million tons (t) with about 3-5% annual growth rate (Baldà © et al. 2014). Out of this, only (15%) 6.5 million tons has been reported to be formally treated (Baldà © et al. 2014; Heacock et al. 2016). Up to 80% of the e-waste that sent for recycling in developed countries are illegally transported to developing countries mainly in Africa, and Asia (Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) 2009). Countries such as US, Japan, China, India, and countries from the European Union are the main sources of e-waste (Baldà © et al. 2014). Unfortunately, most of developing countries receiving e-waste are not technologically equipped and usually use simple hazardous methods for recycling (Lundgren 2012). Accordingly, peoples health and environment in these developing countries are jeopardized (Smith et al. 2006; SAICM 2009). Recycling E-waste contains up to 60 different valuable metals that have been estimated to be equal to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬48 billion (Baldà © et al. 2014; Namias 2013). BullionStreet (2012) stated that electronic industry consumes about 320 t of gold and 7500 t of silver every year and mining of e-waste could generate $21 billion each year. About 40% of this profits comes from in the printed circuit board that have a potential revenue of 21,200/t, while it is only form 3-6% of the total e-waste generated worldwide every year (Golev et al. 2016). At the same time, e-waste can generate more amount of metals comparing to the conventional mining operations using the same amount of power in both ways (Namias 2013). Also, Studies have revealed that the global ore grade are decreasing and mines are forced to excavate more complex and fine-grained ore deposits to meet the global metal need (Là ¨bre and Corder 2015). According to the electronics takeback coalition (2014), recycling 1 million cell phones can recover about 24 kg (50 lb) of gold, 250 kg (550 lb) of silver, 9 kg (20 lb) of palladium, and more than 9,000 kg (20,000 lb) of copper. Nonetheless, the run of mine ore needed to produce the same amount of metal is 10-160 times more than that of the waste mobile phones. Beside saving money, recycling can provide the same amount of metal with substantial less power intake compared to mine ore (Cui and Forssberg 2003). Consequently, it will lead significant reduction in the volume of gas emission due to new metal production. Economic Outcome Form economic standpoint, plays an important employment role in the recycling sectors of some low and middle-income countries such as China, India, Pakistan, Thailand, Ghana, and Nigeria (Lundgren 2012; Programme des Nations Unies pour lenvironnement 2011). For example, In Guiyu, China, the largest informal e-waste recycling location in the world, e-waste recycling provides jobs to almost 100,000 people as e-waste recyclers (Heacock et al. 2016; Lundgren 2012). With the similar throughput, 300-600 new treatment facilities will have to be developed in China to deal with the total generated e-waste from 2020 to 2030 that can potentially provide jobs to 30,000 people (Zeng et al. 2016). Health and Environmental Impacts Despite the economic benefits from recycling, e-waste processing has raised alarming environmental and health issues specially in developing countries. Where e-waste recycling sector is unregulated and unaccountable collecting, processing, and redistributing tends to be performed by workers at temporary sites, residences, crude workshops, and open public spaces. Informal recycling areas usually inhabited by poor people with scarce job possibilities and their main concern is feed themselves and their families; this primary concern predominates that for personal health and safety (The Lancet 2013). Recycling without protection exposes workers to many hazardous chemicals such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, mercury, nickel, and lead (Lundgren 2012). The incineration of these chemicals release compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), poly-brominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/ Fs) gases that effect soil, atmosphere, and water (Hossain et al. 2015).The hazard from e-waste processing not only threatens operator health, but also, puts the health of people living nearby and next generations living in the surrounding areas in jeopardy (Liu et al. 2009). Toxins absorption and effects vary based on type and quantity of e-waste, length of exposure, methods processing, and physiological vulnerability, especially in pregnant women and children (Grant et al. 2013). People exposed to hazardous substances in e-waste through multiple routes, including food, water, air, and soil (Norman et al. 2013). There is high accumulative in the area where informal recycling locations have functioned for more than a decade (Chen et al. 2011). The impact of the hazardous substances from e-waste can spread beyond processing sites and into ecosystems (Sepà ºlveda et al. 2010; Zhang et al. 2010). For example, rice and dust samples collected from homes close to e-waste settings had almost double the maximum permissible concentrations of lead, cadmium, and copper (Zheng et al. 2013). An exposure of contaminated food such as rice plus inhaling lead through house dust situates children to high risk of neurotoxicity and adverse developmental effects (Zheng et al. 2013). Studies have linked exposure to such toxins with increases in spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, premature births, reduced birthweights, and birth lengths events (Liu et al. 2009; Wu et al. 2011; Wu et al. 2012). Also, physical growth indicators, such as weight, height, and body-mass index, were significantly lower in children living in the e-waste recycling town of Guiyu than in those living in the control area Liangying (Zheng et al. 2013). Environmentally, as mentioned earler, disposal of these chemicals/metals in landfills or by incinerating them can produce harmful effects to the environment (Heacock et al. 2016). The amount of cadmium exists in a cell phone battery have a potential to pollute 600m3 of water (Garlapati 2016). For example, the concentration of metals such as lead, copper and nickel that found in the discharge channel near Guiyu to Nanyang road and Chendiandian to Guiyu road in China were 400-600 times higher than that is expected from uncontaminated river sediments (Brigden et al. 2005). Similar results were obtained from formal recycling sites with elevated content of nickel, copper, lead, zinc and cadmium in Philippines (Yoshida et al. 2016). To conclude, the elevated level of hazard of e-waste show the importance of proper recycling techniques and safer recycling facilities that can reduce the risks related to the environmental and public health and safety issues. Also, future studies needed to assess the direct and indirect health cost of informal e-waste recycling, health and environmental impacts of the formal e-waste treatment. References Baldà © C, Wang F, Kuehr R, Huisman J. 2014. The global e-waste monitor. UNU-IAS: Bonn, Germany. Brigden K, Labunska I, Santillo D, Allsopp M. 2005. Recycling of electronic wastes in china and india: Workplace and environmental contamination. Greenpeace International, Amsterdam. Chen A, Dietrich KN, Huo X, Ho S. 2011. Developmental neurotoxicants in e-waste: An emerging health concern. Environ Health Perspect 119(4):431. Cui J, Forssberg E. 2003. Mechanical recycling of waste electric and electronic equipment: A review. J Hazard Mater 99(3):243-263. Garlapati VK. 2016. E-waste in india and developed countries: Management, recycling, business and biotechnological initiatives. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 54:874-881. Golev A, Schmeda-Lopez DR, Smart SK, Corder GD, McFarland EW. 2016. Where next on e-waste in australia? Waste Manage 58:348-358. Grant K, Goldizen FC, Sly PD, Brune M, Neira M, van den Berg M et al. 2013. Health consequences of exposure to e-waste: A systematic review. The Lancet Global Health 1(6):e350-e361. Heacock M, Kelly CB, Asante KA, Birnbaum LS, Bergman AL, Brune MN et al. 2016. E-waste and harm to vulnerable populations: A growing global problem. Environ Health Perspect 124(5):550-555; doi: 10.1289/ehp.1509699 [doi]. Hossain MS, Al-Hamadani SM, Rahman MT. 2015. E-waste: A challenge for sustainable development. Journal of Health and Pollution 5(9):3-11. Là ¨bre É, Corder G. 2015. Integrating industrial ecology thinking into the management of mining waste. Resources 4(4):765-786. Liu Q, Cao J, Li KQ, Miao XH, Li G, Fan FY et al. 2009. Chromosomal aberrations and DNA damage in human populations exposed to the processing of electronics waste. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 16(3):329-338. Lundgren K. 2012. The global impact of e-waste: Addressing the challenge. . Namias J. 2013. The future of electronic waste recycling in the United States: obstacles and domestic solutions. Norman RE, Carpenter DO, Scott J, Brune MN, Sly PD. 2013. Environmental exposures: An underrecognized contribution to noncommunicable diseases. Rev Environ Health 28(1):59-65. Programme des Nations Unies pour lenvironnement. 2011. Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication. :United Nations Environment Programme. Sepà ºlveda A, Schluep M, Renaud FG, Streicher M, Kuehr R, Hagelà ¼ken C et al. 2010. A review of the environmental fate and effects of hazardous substances released from electrical and electronic equipments during recycling: Examples from china and india. Environ Impact Assess Rev 30(1):28-41. Smith T, Sonnenfeld DA, Pellow DN. 2006. Challenging the Chip: Labor Rights and Environmental Justice in the Global Electronics Industry. :Temple University Press. Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM). 2009. Background information in relation to the emerging policy issue of electronic waste. , Geneva. The Lancet. 2013. Electronic waste-time to take stock. The Lancet 381(9885):2223; doi: http://dx.doi.org.library1.unmc.edu:2048/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61465-8. Web.unep.org. March, 2017. E-Waste Management | Global Partnership on Waste Management. http://web.unep.org/gpwm/what-we-do/e-waste-management ed. . Wu K, Xu X, Liu J, Guo Y, Huo X. 2011. In utero exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and reduced neonatal physiological development from guiyu, china. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 74(8):2141-2147. Wu K, Xu X, Peng L, Liu J, Guo Y, Huo X. 2012. Association between maternal exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from electronic waste recycling and neonatal health outcomes. Environ Int 48:1-8. Yoshida A, Terazono A, Ballesteros FC, Nguyen D, Sukandar S, Kojima M et al. 2016. E-waste recycling processes in indonesia, the philippines, and vietnam: A case study of cathode ray tube TVs and monitors. Resour Conserv Recycling 106:48-58. Zeng X, Gong R, Chen W, Li J. 2016. Uncovering the recycling potential of New WEEE in china. Environ Sci Technol 50(3):1347-1358. Zhang X, Luo X, Liu H, Yu L, Chen S, Mai B. 2010. Bioaccumulation of several brominated flame retardants and dechlorane plus in waterbirds from an e-waste recycling region in south china: Associated with trophic level and diet sources. Environ Sci Technol 45(2):400-405. Zheng J, Chen K, Yan X, Chen S, Hu G, Peng X et al. 2013. Heavy metals in food, house dust, and water from an e-waste recycling area in south china and the potential risk to human health. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 96:205-212.

Women play victims in Thomas Hardy’s short stories, roles that were Ess

Women play victims in Thomas Hardy’s short stories, roles that were typical of Victorian women in general â€Å"Women play victims in Thomas Hardy’s short stories, roles that were typical of Victorian women in general† Discuss with references at least three of Hardy’s short stories Thomas Hardy in his short stories â€Å"The Withered Arm†, â€Å"Tony Kytes, the Arch Deceiver† and the Winters and the Palmleys† presents his readers with a series of unsettling visions of the relations between men and women, women mainly coming worse off. For example Rhoda of â€Å"The Withered Arm†, the poor outcast milkmaid, not even respected by her own son, or pretty Harriet Palmley, the wolf in sheep’s clothing, evil due to her education, therefore not a victim, but instead a horrible person. Gertrude also, a good, obedient, â€Å"rosy cheeked titsy-totsy little body enough† until she gets her arm withered from a curse that drives her to desperation to find a cure for the â€Å"disfigurement†. All these women, due to the fact that they’re female, all ended off worse off and in the course of this essay I am going to analyse whether his female characters were victims or merely women of their time. Hardy’s stories, mainly set 50 years before they were written, are set mostly in the 1830’s period of Victorian Britain, when women were considered lower than men and didn’t usually get any rights or education, especially in the rural areas such as Wessex, where Hardy's â€Å"Wessex Tales† where set. Women were also oppressed in the way of not being allowed high place jobs, the vote and certainly not a place in Parliament or anything that might change Britain in any way, which was quite ironic considering Britain was being ruled by Queen Victoria, a women h... ...herself. The other two, Unity and Hannah are in the same boat in the way that they both want to steal Tony away from Milly but when it comes to Tony actually asking them to marry him they both refuse out of pride. They are not victims but women of their time, so they do not gain my pity, as that’s just the way it was. As for the male characters such as Lodge, who dies peacefully of old age, leaving most of his money to a reformatory for boys after being the main victimiser and Tony Kytes also, after humiliating Milly totally and having a happy ending is unfair considering what happened to all the women. I think Hardy does exaggerate the victimisation of the women and praise the men in his stories and I do feel sympathy for the majority of the women but as for the rights, characters and education of all the women, that’s them just being women of their time.

moralhf Essays - The Moral Vistory in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

The Moral Vistory in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mark Twain's novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a perfect example of how one's heart and morals can change in difficult situations. Huck's journey down the Mississippi River tested him to his limits of being able to handle situations in the way which he had been raised. Huck shows that how one is raised is something that will impact them tremendously in the rest of their life and that it is hard to change from what you've been molded into. Early in the novel Huck shows how much of a rebellious and joking boy he truly is. "I put out the light and I scrambled out of the window...,"(pg. 17) says Huck. Huck, at a young age, began getting himself into many difficult situations, such as escaping from the cave in Tom Sawyer. Huck often has a hard time abiding by rules, keeping himself out of trouble, and comprehending the things he has been taught. However, he does learn one thing, that he is better than the Negroes. So, as young boys, Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer spend a g ood bit of their time playing tricks on Ms. Watson's slave, Jim. "He slipped Jim's hat off his head and hung it on a limb right over him...,"(pg. 19) tricks like these which Huck is never punished for are part of what confirm the teaching that he is in fact better than blacks. This conditioning as a young child is what makes it difficult for him to deal with Jim as an equal later in life. Once on the river Huck has a much more difficult time as he not only has to deal with Jim but also the King and Duke who join them on their journey. The King and Duke's actions around Huck make him realize that he needs to change his morals. When Huck realizes that the King and Duke are impostors his learning experience begins. "It didn't take me long to make up my mind that these liars warn't no kings nor dukes at all, but just low-down humbugs and frauds." This statement shows that Huck has feelings about the King and Duke that show that his morals are of the kind which will not self ishly go against other's trust.

Slaves will be Slaves Essay -- essays research papers

Petronius Arbiter, in Trimalchio's Dinner Party, the third chapter of his book Satyricon, mocks the nature of slaves. He was a top official in Rome, namely the "Judge of Taste" in Nero's court (129). Regardless of the responsibilities he had, he was an aristocrat. The history of Rome was written from an aristocratic perspective because they were the ones who had the money, ambition and free time to document history. Petronius believed that slaves are low class, and that a slave that has been set free, id est a freedmen, is still a slave at heart, ergo worthless. Not with all the money in the world could he develop the taste of the upper class. In ancient and modern times alike, money cannot buy a good personality or social sophistication. While the freeborn Roman boy went to school to learn rhetoric, math, et cetera, the slave boy worked from a very young age. Whether they worked physically, mathematically or sexually, they still worked, which is a prime difference between them and the freeborn (although the poor freeborn worked, they often were displaced by slaves because slaves were free labor). Sarah Ruden, the translator of this edition of Satyricon, comments that freedmen were like immigrants in America today. Only the particularly ambitious won their freedom. This process has a modern equivalent in which only the most ambitious immigrants tend to make it to American soil. This process of "self-selection" weeds out the lazy (155). Slaves that had won their freedom had worked very hard from a very early age and thus had the experience needed to be successful and amass fortunes. However, what the freedmen could not possibly have learned from that kind of experience is the behavior and manners of a respect ful Roman aristocrat. Personality is naturally instilled by living among others in your social class. One cannot completely learn a foreign culture unless he is adopted at an early age by a family in that culture. Although slaves lived with families, they performed completely different functions ergo had completely difference experiences and upbringings. Unfortunately for the freedmen who that made it and became rich, they were still socially inferior to the freeborn. Petronius shows that the host of the dinner party, Trimalchio is a crude freedman. He has no respectable virtues. He is cruel to his slaves despite the fact that he was ... ...laying in the funeral procession were too loud and it sounded like a fire alarm. The commotion is taken advantage of and they make their escape (60). At Trimalchio's dinner party the theme was drunk and disorderly as opposed to relaxed and enjoyable, the nature of the traditional Roman dinner parties (166). It is though this story that Petronius tells us the aristocracy's views on uneducated slaves and freedmen. Comparisons can be drawn to its modern equivalent of ‘new money.’ Exempli gratia, when the latest rap artist from a ghetto makes an album and subsequently gets rich, there is no moral improvement. Money cannot buy character change. It cannot change behavior, improve social skills or refine the personality. Lacking a warm childhood upbringing to set in good manners, as well as protection from sexual predators, slaves never came close to matching the behavior, values, virtues, morals and decency of the "Good Roman Citizen." In this ancient equivalent to the verse from a Snoop Dogg song, â€Å"You can take the boy out [of] the ‘hood,’ but you can’t take the ‘hood’ out [ of] the ‘Homeboy,’† no matter how much money and freedom slaves gained, they still are slaves at heart.

Review of Living in Sin, My Papa’s Waltz, and The Ruined Maid Essay

Living in Sin Overview The poem â€Å"Living in Sin† by Adrienne Rich is about a woman who is unhappy with her marriage. She struggles to imagine her dream of a perfect marriage over the reality of being unhappy with her husband. She seemed to expect something better than that of the situation she’s in. According to an analysis by Write Work, the woman’s life in the poem was sad and boring (WriterWork). This was implied using the past tense, which signs her dream marriage, versus present tense, which speaks of the reality that she’s never really happy about it (WriteWork). Connection The poem is really intended for women. This would be a very nice piece of advice for women who plan to get into that fairy tale relationship, but never knew unexpected circumstances which may happen. Even in best relationships, things aren’t always as easy as everyone wants it to be. It is not every day you can expect long stem roses. Form â€Å"Living in Sin† is a free verse poem. The short lines in it showed the hopeless and dreary mood of the piece (WriteWork). According to the analysis of Write Work, Imagery and meaningful languages were used to describe the unhappy life of the woman (WriteWork). The author also used personification, specifically when the words â€Å"beetle eyes† were used. The poem was written in a very proper way. It is not difficult to understand unlike most poems. â€Å"Living in Sin† seemed to be pretty straight forward about what it is really trying to imply. The analysis showed that the poem portrayed the unhappy life of the woman in four meaningful illustrations (WriteWork). First, the woman pictured a fairy tale marriage opposite to what she has. The next picture was the image of a romantic dinner that really never happened. The third was a husband who never bothers to care for his wife. The last was the image of the woman’s fantasy over the reality that sheâ₠¬â„¢ll be waking up another morning to start it all over again (WriteWork). The intent of the author of showing the life being married to someone you don’t really love was very much clear. My Papa’s Waltz Overview â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† by Theodore Roethke is about a father and son relationship. It is something that shows how a boy willingly spends time dancing with his father. According to Kerry Michael Wood, the poem has been viewed as a lovely image of a father dancing around with his son (Kerry Michael Wood). The poem was believed to be inspired by Theodore Roethke’s father. The author was very much affected about the death of his father when he was at the age of 15 (Kerry Michael Wood). The poem merely described the sweet moments of a son enjoying the company of his father. It is much of remembering memories of his parent. Connection Every one who had cherished times with their father can actually relate to the poem. â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† may be a good source of inspiration and realization not only to sons, but all children to value the moments with their parents. This will definitely inspire children to learn to appreciate their moms and dads. Life’s too short to have regrets at the end. Form The poem â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† is written in iambic trimester. It follows the music’s three-quarter or waltz time (Kerry Michael Wood). The mood of the poem is upbeat and cheerful. The regular rhyme scheme of ABAB gave it jovial tone. Paradox was used in the words â€Å"breath† and â€Å"death†. According to Kerry Michael Wood, the words â€Å"breath† and â€Å"death† was not accidentally rhymed. The slant rhymes of the words â€Å"dizzy† and â€Å"easy† contributed to the act of clumsiness (Kerry Michael Wood). The poem is made up of four quatrains, a stanza which consists of four lines. The Ruined Maid Overview â€Å"The Ruined Maid† by Thomas Hardy is about a conversation of two women who have been together in work. According to the analysis of Liz Allen, the woman, who spoke first, met the other girl named Amelia and was surprised about how Amelia looks since they last saw each other (Liz Allen). Amelia then speaks of that she has been ruined which means she became a prostitute. The poem showed extreme differences between the two women and portrayed the past and present life of the â€Å"ruined maid† (Liz Allen). Connection The author intended the poem for much mature audience. The poem relays an underlying message that not everything which is good outside will be good inside. Everyone has his/her own dark days in their lives. Amelia may look better in her dress and accessories, but deep in side her is a woman full of fears and regrets. The poem pictured Amelia as the change; a change that had been done through wrong means. â€Å"The Ruined Maid† could be a determination to urge the value of women in the society. This could also be a warning that prostitution may still exist and eradicate the rights of women. Form The poem â€Å"The Ruined Maid† is written in a form of a dialogue (Liz Allen). The poem is consisted of six stanzas with four lines each. According to Liz Allen’s analysis, in the first three lines the first woman speaks and in the fourth line Amelia replies to her (Liz Allen). The name â€Å"Amelia† means ‘effort’ or ‘work’. She may have made good efforts in her job (Liz Allen). The first woman shortens it to â€Å"melia† which actually means ‘rival’ or ‘ambition’, since Amelia is striving to belong herself to the higher class society (Liz Allen). Allusion was used in the line ‘bright feathers three’, and metaphor was used in the phrase ‘being ruined’, which means she had become a prostitute. According to Allen’s analysis, the author used several poetic devices in the speech of the first woman (Liz Allen). Such phrases are: ‘digging potatoes’ and spudding up docks’. These had given emphasis through the use of alliteration. The poem follows a rhyme scheme of AABB. The analysis stated that the rhymes on the third and fourth lines are just the same throughout the poem (Liz Allen). Comparison The three poems differ very much in form, styles and approach. The â€Å"Living in Sin† by Adrienne Rich intends to show the life of being married to someone you don’t really love. It was created in a free verse form with dreary tone or mood. â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† by Theodore Roethke opposite to â€Å"Living in Sin†, was made with a joyful mood following a rhyme scheme which gave it a more upbeat tone. Contrary to the two poems, the â€Å"The Ruined Maid† by Thomas Hardy was written in a manner of combining a rhyme scheme with a melancholy tone. â€Å"The Living in Sin† gives more emphasis on the happiness of a woman should have in a marriage, while â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† implies the importance of parents in children’s lives. Then â€Å"The Ruined Maid† gives a more intricate understanding of women’s rights in the society. These three poems speak of messages which may not be as definite as readers ca n read it once, but as deep as how they can understand it.

Management functions Essay

I. Planning Great ideas do not achieve greatness until their originator posits some plan to get there. In management science, no grand expectation or promise of future growth is likely to ever be fully realized unless its predictor develops some well-organized plan to turn figures on paper into genuine productivity. The plan is essentially a road map to success and when it is clear and well written, the this map helps travelers find their way with little or no difficulty. Perhaps one of the most common examples of planning is in those functions, which relate to management of a sales force. Forecasting expected sales volume enables administrators to make decisions based upon the next fiscal period’s predictions. In many case studies, that I’ve reviewed, planning proved it more effective when it was more long-term. Sales forecasts that evaluate an entire year are generally considered more useful those that only seek to assess the next quarter or two. A long-term plan is generally better suited for change, if the need for such arises. When a one or two quarter plan has failed, it is often to late to change it. Planning is the fundamental and core essence of management in that it enables leaders to become leaders. Human resource operations are performed according to the executive â€Å"master plans† set forth by key managerial personnel who alone have authorship and a full understanding of what is being done and what needs to be done. Thus, the function of planning not only helps to make predictions about the company, but it also inherently help to draw the dividing line between upper management and general human resources. The former is aware and in charge of planning operations while divisions of the latter each only play some individual role in achieving the company’s ultimate goal but are rarely made aware of every minuscule detail. Without a plan, an organization has no direction, no purpose, no mission. A plan is a company’s future and success or failure is often based  upon one’s ability to achieve the tenets of the plan and to devise a new and improved plan for the next period. II. Leading Over the years, various theories of leadership have evolved, surfaced, and then disappeared. From top-down theories to inclusive structures and to the more empathic, human resource-focused leadership style of today’s contemporary, management, one theme has remained perennially clear: leaders must present themselves as role models within the organization for us to learn from and aspire to. Traditionally and throughout history, leaders of all sorts have been figures or icons that other people could ‘look up to’ and respect. Therefore, when a manager is not effectively leading his or her subordinates, disorganization is likely to erupt and ripple throughout an organization. The majority of people need someone to model their actions after and to come to when they have questions. Leaders present themselves as â€Å"touchstones†, seemingly capable of resolving problems and improving operations. Entire entities revolve around the leadership styles of a few and the masses are led by the minority. Those with power, rank, and an insightful plan which facilitates the culmination their leadership ability. When a manager can not effectively lead, she or he is disrespected and consequently, is ineffective. An effective leader must have traits and/or qualities that others will admire. Ethics are important and projecting a positive image can be done only when a leader is self-confident, self-motivated, and self-disciplined. In order for people to believe in their manager, she or he must communicate their ideas effectively and be able to empathetically handle any adverse situations that may arise. When managers have achieved truly empathetic leadership, the organization will run more efficiently. III. Organizing Similar in theme to planning, organizing is the function of management that ensures that every step will be met along the way. Even the best laid plans  of talented managers can fall to the waste side when administrators do not know how to ensure that each task will fall into a properly-organized chain that will promote maximum productivity at minimum cost and time expenditure. In contemporary management, several theories of organization have improved overall efficiency. Among these is time management; now an essential element in the administrator’s functionality. By budgeting and organizing one’s time, managers are more likely to be able to work out sub-plans which will enable them to accomplish a greater number of tasks over a short time span. First, by looking at everything on paper the effective leader can see precisely how steps of their plan should be organized throughout the course of a day or other period and then go ahead and act completely with regard to the allotted time budget. Delegation of power helps the leader to actually organize and handout, or delegate tasks, responsibility, and authority. Often, it is impossibly burdensome to expect a manager to handle all job tasks alone and so by taking the various steps outlined in the original administrative plan, and handing them out in group lets to those who are most capable of executing them properly, the manager is more likely to ultimately get his or her job done. If one group of employees is known to be better at empathetic customer relations, they might be given an important account to handle from a customer service-related perspective. If another segment is more computer-literate, they might work to accomplish technical tasks or even to cost-effectively train others within the organization. Other people might be organized as minimal â€Å"pawns† so-to-speak, serving the primary function of just doing whatever menial tasks are necessary. The organizational element of management’s plan is in tegral in deciding its ultimate success or lack thereof. IV. Controlling Control is an easy function to misunderstand or abuse. Definitively, it suggests that one person or group has power over another. No matter how we  define the tasks of managers and no matter how empathetically open-minded their individual styles might be the existence of superiority and power is unavoidable. Managers are, in fact, â€Å"above† their subordinates and are intrinsically endowed with the responsibility of exercising some control over their actions and activities. One of the many things that distinguish followers from leaders is that the latter are supposed to be more self-motivated. Administrators usually make their own decisions and are motivated to achieve greater personal goals and work for the betterment of the organization at the same time. In order to ensure that their constituents all do the same, managers must then, exercise a reasonable degree of control over them; Executive orders must be given and followed out†¦ People must be punctual and attentive†¦Disciplinary actions must be enforced when workers are indulging in actions that are counterproductive to the success and productivity of the organization. It is through the element of control that these things are all possible. When a manger loses control she or he is no longer able to function as an effective leader. As indicated earlier in this section, it is always possible for a poor manager to abuse their control over subordinates and to develop a non-empathetic tyrannical style. It is therefore important for a company’s various levels of management to have a system of checks-and-balances making it virtually impossible for any one people to attain to much power for themselves. Abuses of control will ultimately backfire though, as they tyrannical manager will usually find themselves spending more and more to hire replacements for all of the personnel that they lose. V. Implementing Of course, no aspect, element, or constituent of the plan will serve its purpose until it is implemented. Implementation inherently suggests that everything pre-conceived and designed is going to be acted out and accomplished. This is the culmination of the manager’s job and of their responsibility. All elements must now fall into place the plan must be  well-led and organized by an effectively-controlling leader who will do everything in their power to ensure that everything goes smoothly and according to plan. In most organizations, implementation relies upon the periodic assurance that all parts of the plan are being executed and that everything is on time and going ‘according to schedule.’ A good manager must be willing and prepared to assess the plan’s effectiveness every step of the way. One must learn to troubleshoot problems and to quickly and effectively brainstorm solutions to devise numerous alternatives for difficult situations and to keep the organization running as smoothly as possible. Finally, implementation acts as the final transitory stage, helping to create a cycle in which planning begins once again at its conclusion. As a plan is implemented, the manager must constantly learn from the experience and begin to forecast and plan for the next period. At the climax of implementation, a new plan is set forth and everything describes in this essay begins once again with the hope that it will be better than it was the time before.

Are Video Games Good for Kids? Essay

Are video games bad for kids? Back in time in mid 90’s the best source of entertainment for kids was the television that have a great variety of cartoons for the kids to have good entertainment and learn good things. But now they have video games that right now are the top selling industry in the world according to Barbara Ortutay of MSNBC online â€Å"the selling of video games on July of this year went to $1. 19 billion with a 17 percent more than last year. But the only concern for the society is that kids are getting to much access to violent games and that makes the video games bad for them. As said by David Walsh, Ph. D. National Institute on Media and the Family he said in this report that â€Å"Children are more likely to imitate the actions of a character with whom they identify. In violent video games the player is often required to take the point of view of the shooter or perpetrator. Video games by their very nature require active participation rather than passive observation. Repetition increases learning. Video games involve a great deal of repetition. If the games are violent, then the effect is a behavioral rehearsal for violent activity. † He also said that â€Å"Exposure to violent games increases physiological arousal, increases aggressive thoughts, increases aggressive emotions and increases aggressive actions. † Video games should not be at the reach of any kid because more all less they all involve violence like for example Mario games that all of them involve killing enemies for success, or crash bandicoot that have the same type of game experience as Mario. Naturally there are always people that do not think the same way like ABC news. com that make a report of social critic Steven Johnson, author of the controversial new book, â€Å"Everything Bad Is Good for You. â€Å"he argues that video games — violent or not — are making children smarter. â€Å"You have to manage multiple objectives at the same time,† he said. â€Å"You have to manage all these different resources, and you have to make decisions every second of the game. † Video games typically require the player to complete a number of specific tasks to win. â€Å"Well we have to get the Jeep, we have to ride up a hill, kill the snipers, drive past the mountainside, go into another giant palace and activate the remote,† said one 10-year-old interviewed by ABC News while playing the Halo 2 video game, designed for the Microsoft Xbox gaming system. But children should not be exposed to that type of learning because they are going to be more aggressive and â€Å"less positive people toward life† according to David Walsh. ABC also site from Johnson that â€Å"Children who play such video games exhibit what experts call â€Å"fluid intelligence,† or problem solving. † â€Å"They have to discover the rules of the game and how to think strategically,† said James Paul Gee, a University of Wisconsin-Madison curriculum and instruction professor. â€Å"Like any problem solving that is good for your head, it makes you smarter. † â€Å"Intelligence test scores in the United States are rising faster than ever, experts say. One possible reason: Studies show video games make people more perceptive, training their brains to analyze things faster. † But the truth based on studies is that â€Å"Studies measuring cognitive responses to playing violent video games have shown that violent games increase aggressive thoughts. These findings have been found for males and females, children and adults, and in experimental and correlational studies. † Said David Walsh on his report. In conclusion violent video games should be restricted for kids in all the way possible because they will develop more aggressive actions, less caring and aggressive emotions in comparison with regular games that also have that responses and that also should be avoided for the raising of a kid. People can say that the help to problem solving and to fast response to other thing but the truth is that the make more damage than a helping. Works Cited Walsh, David. â€Å"Video Game Violence and Public Policy† culturalpolicy. edu. 2001. September 30, 2008. http://culturalpolicy. uchicago. edu/conf2001/papers/walsh. html. Ortutay, Barbara. â€Å"July video game sales jump 28 percent† MSNBC. com. August 14, 2008. September 30, 2008. http://www. msnbc. msn. com/id/26208654/ Argumentative essay Angel Bello 802-08-0724 October 1,2008.

Poliomyelitis An Acute Viral Infection Health And Social Care Essay

Childs are the hereafter and hope of world. Health is wealth. Today ‘s kids will be the Masterss of future universe. If kids are healthy, future coevals will be healthy, ensuing in a healthy state. The physical wellness of a kid is really of import because of its association with good mental and societal development. The crippled are made and non born. â€Å" Crippled † means deformed in any portion of the organic structure other than legs and square agencies deformed in either or both of the legs. ( Malhotra.s,1994 ) Poliomyelitis is an acute viral infection caused by a RNA virus. It is chiefly an infection of the human alimental piece of land but the virus may infect the cardinal nervous system in a vary little per centum of instances ensuing in changing grades of palsy, and perchance decease. As a consequence of disablement, the individual experiences certain jobs in his life and is non able to dispatch the duties required and play the function expected by him in society. Physically handicapped people find themselves profoundly enfeebling and oppressive. Since the creative activity of vaccinum in 1988, the Global infantile paralysis obliteration enterprise has helped out the planetary toll of polio palsy from an estimated 3, 50,000 to fewer than 500 in 200 An incidence of infantile paralysis in the whole universe during 1980 was about 52,552 and in 1990 the rate declined to about 23,484 and in the twelvemonth 2000 the figure of instances recorded were about 2979 and statistic of WHO reports ins tances of lesser than 500 in the twelvemonth 2002. During the twelvemonth 2008 ( Nov ) a sum of 532 instances of infantile paralysis were reported in India, as against 874 instances in the twelvemonth 2007. ( Park J, 2009 ) The feeling of parents and other members of the household at the birth of a kid will be in utmost delectation. Children here get an of import topographic point in the human lives. They are loved and cared for by everyone in the household. But sometimes they may go the cause for their sorrow because of their disablement ( Malhotra.s, 1994 ) Health is a province of complete physical, mental, societal well-being and non simply absence of disease or frailty ( WHO, 1948 ) . This is the cosmopolitan definition of wellness. The person who has any major unwellness will be affected mentally, physically and socially. The individual will hold troubles in all facets of his life state of affairss and environing environment. The kids who are affected by any unwellness will necessitate the support from his household members, parents, friends, instructors and other important members. Coping successfully with emphasis require version, or procedure of the individuals attempt to pull off internal and external demands. Coping is normally described as a job work outing procedure or scheme by which the individual manages the out-of-the ordinary events or state of affairss with which he or she is presented. Although header may be wholly cognitive it is more likely to be a psycho physiologic activity affecting an integrating of the head and o rganic structure. So it is major procedure in the successful response to emphasis and crucial to the individuals growing and development. SIGNIFICANCE AND NEED FOR THE STUDY: Harmonizing to a conservative estimation, 10 % of India ‘s population is physically challenged in one manner or the other. Therefore, there are about 40 million physically challenged people in the state at present. World broad, there are about 400 million physically challenged kids. Each kid with a physical disablement has single attention demands. Routines that are taken for granted can be hard or even impossible. Particular exercisings, particular equipment, apprehension and forbearance are the keys to assisting kids with physical disablements and be every bit independent as possible. Independence is indispensable, non merely for future life but besides for the development of the kid ‘s future life but besides for the development of the kid ‘s positive ego construct. Self-care accomplishments such as feeding, dressing, bathing, and utilizing lavatory are cardinal to this independency. Whatever the restrictions a kid with a disablement must cover with, he or she sh ould be encouraged to manage as much of the modus operandi as possible. ( Girdle rock, 1996 ) In south East Asia part, India is the lone state describing polio instances. During the twelvemonth 2008 a sum of 532 instances of infantile paralysis were reported in India as against 374 instances in the twelvemonth 2007. Poliomyelitis was made in temperate conditions. Most of the surveies in infantile paralysis found in sub-continent part are of endemic type of childish palsy. Merely 2 % of kids with infantile paralysis dice in the ague unwellness and about 95 % of all instances have palsy of one or both the legs. In south India there are about 3.5/1000 population connoting an one-year incidence in the whole population of around 15/10,000. Now what that means is that in every category of about 100 pupils we can see at least one kid who is paralyzed due to polio. ( Ravindran.N, 1997 ) ( Wyatt.H.V, .1988 ) Coping schemes are the specific ways in kids with infantile paralysis. Header with stressors, as distinguished from get bying manners, which comparatively unchanging personality features or results of get bying. ( Ryan.Wenger1992 ) Research indicates that as kids age they tend toward a more internal venue of control and utilize more argus-eyed manners of get bying. Children as with grownups, respond to mundane emphasis by seeking to alter the fortunes or seeking to set fortunes the manner they are. ( LaMontagne & A ; others,1996 ) Ohlinc ( 1991 ) stated that, as a consequence of disability, whether it is mild or terrible, the disabled kids are confronting a figure of jobs. He besides stated that the jobs may be emotional, societal or adjust mental. Thus it is emotional and societal accommodation to the job. The end of nursing is the publicity of adequate responses which positively affect the wellness nursing seeks to diminish uneffective responses and advance adaptative responses. During the clinical poster where giving attention to kids with infantile paralysis, the research worker identified that these kids are with different psychosocial jobs. It was felt by the research worker to measure their header schemes and therefore this surveyStatement of the jobA descriptive survey to measure the psychosocial jobs and get bying degrees among kids with infantile paralysis go toing particular school at Madurai 2010.AimsTo measure the psychosocial jobs of kids with infantile paralysis To measure the header degrees of kids with infantile paralysis To happen out the association between the psychosocial jobs and selected demographic variables of kids with infantile paralysis To happen out the association between the header degrees and selected demographic variables of kids with infantile paralysis To correlate the psychosocial jobs and get bying degrees of kids with infantile paralysisHypothesissH1 There will be a important relation between the degree of psychosocial and get bying degree among kids with infantile paralysis H2 There will be a important association between the degree of psychosocial and selected demographic variables among kids with infantile paralysis H3 There will be a important association between the degree of get bying and selected demographic variables among kids with infantile paralysisOPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS.Psychosocial jobsIn this survey psychosocial job of kids with infantile paralysis include trouble in go toing societal maps, taking leading in the category, take parting in school athletic meet every bit good as in recreational activities and experiencing neglected by others.Coping degreeIn this survey get bying degrees of adjusting, and to the independent life every bit far as possible agencies get the better ofing the physical shortage.Children with infantile paralysisIn this survey children13-18 old ages of age who are all kids diagnosed with infantile paralysis at changing grades of palsy. These kids are lower limb defects of the nervous system.PremisesThe kids with infantile paralysis will hold certain jobs due to their status. The kids with infantile paralysis will utilize assorted get bying schemes to get the better of their job.Boundary linesStudy is delimited merely to verbal response of the kids in particular school their societal life was non observed.Projected resultFindingss of this survey will assist to place assess the psychosocial jobs among kids with infantile paralysis. Assess the get bying schemes of kids with infantile paralysis. Find out the association between the psychosocial jobs and get bying degrees in relation to selected demographic variablesCHAPTER-IIREVIEW OF LITERATUREThis chapter deals with the literature reappraisal relevant to the present survey. It is presented under the undermentioned headers.The reappraisal of literature for the present survey is arranged under the undermentioned subdivisionsReview related to polio Surveies related to polio Surveies related to psychosocial jobs of kids with infantile paralysis Surveies related to get bying degrees of kids with infantile paralysisReview related to polioPoliomyelitis, frequently called infantile paralysis or childish palsy, is an acute viral infective disease spread from individual to individual, chiefly via the fecal-oral path. The term derives from the Grecian infantile paralysiss intending â€Å" Grey † , myelos, mentioning to the â€Å" spinal cord † , and the postfix -itis, which denotes rednessDefinition of infantile paralysisPoliomyelitis, frequently called infantile paralysis or childish palsy, is an acute viral infective disease spread from individual to individual, chiefly via the fecal-oral pathTypes of PoliomyelitisThe disease can be classified into some classs. One of them is Paralytic infantile paralysis. The skeletal musculus tissue of the affected individual is infected by the infantile paralysis virus and it may ensue in palsy Spinal infantile paralysis is seen in most of the victims of Paralytic infantile paralysis. When the motor nerve cells shacking in the anterior horn cells are invaded by the infantile paralysis virus this disease takes topographic point. These cells regulate the motion of musculuss in human organic structure. The Bulbar infantile paralysis happens when the bulbar part nervousnesss are wrecked by the poliovirus. This part links the encephalon root with the intellectual cerebral mantle. When the nervousnesss in this tract are killed the individual faces adversity in external respiration, eating and talking. The nervousnesss that are chiefly affected include glossopharyngeal nervus, trigeminal nervus etc. The Bulbospinal infantile paralysis is caused when the infantile paralysis virus attacks the cervical spinal cord ‘s upper part. It leads to the palsy of stop. The phrenic nervus is affected by this discrepancy of infantile paralysis Incubation period: 3-6 yearss for stillborn infantile paralysis, 7-21 yearss for paralytic infantile paralysis Causative beings: poliovirus ( enterovirus ) Infectious period: shortly before and after the oncoming of clinical unwellness when the virus is in the pharynx and in high, concentration in fecal matters, the virus is shd in the throat for one hebdomad after oncoming and in the fecal matters for several hebdomads to months. Mode of Transmission: fecal- unwritten, oral-oral ( respiratory )Season: SummerSymptomsThere are three basic forms of polio infection: subclinical infections, nonparalytic, and paralytic. Approximately 95 % of infections are subclinical infections, which may non hold symptoms.Subclinical INFECTIONGeneral uncomfortableness or edginess ( unease ) Concern Red pharynx Slight febrility Sore pharynx Vomiting Peoples with subclinical infantile paralysis infection might non hold symptoms, or their symptoms may last 72 hours or less. Clinical infantile paralysis affects the cardinal nervous system ( encephalon and spinal cord ) , and is divided into nonparalytic and paralytic signifiers. It may happen after recovery from a subclinical infection.NONPARALYTIC POLIOMYELITISBack hurting or backache Diarrhea Excessive fatigue, weariness Concern Irritability Leg hurting ( calf musculuss ) Moderate febrility Muscle stiffness Muscle tenderness and cramp in any country of the organic structure Neck hurting and stiffness Pain in front portion of cervix Pain or stiffness of the dorsum, weaponries, legs, venters Skin roseola or lesion with hurting Vomiting Symptoms normally last 1 – 2 hebdomads.PARALYTIC POLIOMYELITISFever 5 – 7 yearss before other symptoms Abnormal esthesiss ( but non loss of esthesis ) in an country Bloated feeling in venters Breathing trouble Constipation Trouble get downing to urinate Salivating Concern Irritability or hapless temper control Muscle contractions or musculus cramps in the calf, cervix, or back Muscle hurting Muscle failing, asymmetrical ( merely on one side or worse on one side ) Semens on rapidly Location depends on where the spinal cord is affected Worsens into palsy Sensitivity to touch ; mild touch may be painful Stiff cervix and dorsum Swallowing trouble Diagnostic rating: Poliomyelitis is diagnosed by a blood trial or civilization. A Hazard for infantile paralysis: Polio is most common in babies and immature kids, but complications occur most frequently in older individuals.Treatment for infantile paralysisThe end of intervention is to command symptoms while the infection runs its class. Peoples with terrible instances may necessitate lifesaving steps, particularly take a breathing aid. Symptoms are treated based on how terrible they are. Treatments include: Antibiotics for urinary piece of land infections Medicines ( such as bethanechol ) for urinary keeping Moist heat ( heating tablets, warm towels ) to cut down musculus hurting and cramp Pain slayers to cut down concern, musculus hurting, and cramps ( narcotics are non normally given because they increase the hazard of take a breathing trouble ) Physical therapy, braces or disciplinary places, or orthopaedic surgery to assist retrieve musculus strength and mapSurgical CareEntire hip arthroplasty is a surgical curative option for patients with paralytic sequelae of poliomyelitisA who developA of hip dysplasia and degenerative disease. Prevention: Two types of infantile paralysis vaccinum are available: unwritten infantile paralysis vaccinum ( OPV ) and inactivated infantile paralysis vaccinum ( IPV ) . IPV can be given at 2, 4, and 12-18 months, and 4-6 Old ages. OPV can be given at 2, 4, and 6-18 months, and 4-6 old ages. Parents and physicians can take among the three agendas.Surveies related to polioSancheti, K.H 2007, et. , Al, conducted a clinical survey of 3005 instances of infantile paralysis in kids from rural countries. Below 5 old ages of age kids affected 92.69 % . The consequence of the kids 64.69 % were found to be enduring an mean period of 7.27years of age. Harmon et.al. ( 2006 ) conducted a survey on â€Å" low strength alternate – twenty-four hours exercising improves musculus public presentation with out evident inauspicious effects in station infantile paralysis patients. The purpose of the survey was to analyze the consequence of low intensity.Result revealed that no grounds was found to demo that this plan adversely affected the motor units. Grimsby et Al. ( 2002 ) conducted a survey on â€Å" endurance preparation consequence on persons with station infantile paralysis † . The aim of the survey was to find the effects of an endurance preparation plan on the exercising capacity and musculus construction and map in persons with station infantile paralysis syndrome. The topics selected were 17 station infantile paralysis topics. Consequence showed that an norm of 60 % control values and they did non alter with preparation. Comas ( 1999 ) conducted a survey on â€Å" late functional impairment following paralytic infantile paralysis † the intent of the survey was to measure the late functional impairment follows a period of comparative stableness. They renewed 283 freshly referred patients with old infantile paralysis myelitis seen consecutively over a 4 twelvemonth period. Consequences showed that 239 patients developed symptoms of functional impairment after the paralytic unwellness. Smith ( 1995 ) conducted a survey on â€Å" power and spiritualty of infantile paralysis subsisters † . A roger theoretical account was used to analyze the procedure of power and spiritualty in infantile paralysis subsisters ( n= 172 ) and people who have had polio ( n=80 ) . Participants completed the power as cognizing engagement in alteration trial and the religious orientation stock list consequence revealed that power was positively related to spiritualty ( r=34, P & lt ; 0.05 ) . Polio subsisters manifested the same power ( t=44, dt=250, p=33 ) and greater spiritualty than people who had non experienced infantile paralysis ( t=3.79, dt=250, p= .001 ) Ranlow ( 1992 ) conducted a survey on â€Å" epidemiology of the station infantile paralysis syndrome † . The intent of the survey was to gauge the prevalence and incidence and to place determine of the post-polio syndrome. 40 members were used in this study. It was revealed that the prevalence of the station infantile paralysis syndrome was 28.5 % of all paralytic instances. The hazard of station infantile paralysis syndrome was significantly lasting damage after infantile paralysis among females. Fredrick ( 1991 ) conducted a survey on â€Å" Recognizing typical header manners of polio subsisters can better rehabilitation † the samples selected were polio subsisters with features manners of chronic disablement. They were used modern rehabilitation methods and techniques. The consequence showed that there is betterment in rehabilitation result.Surveies related to psycho societal jobs of kids with infantile paralysisAnanya Ray Laskar et.al, ( 2009 ) conducted a cross sectional study at psychosocial consequence and economic load on parents of kids with locomotor disablement concluded that there is an pressing demand for support activities for such households at a national degree in order to control the immense economic and societal load of attention giving. Counseling should be an built-in portion of rehabilitation for such households Muzammil.k.et.al. , ( 2006 ) conducted a cross sectional survey â€Å" prevalence of psychosocial jobs among striplings in Dehradun. The over all prevalence of psychosocial jobs among the striplings was found to be 31.2 % and the same was more in males ( 34.77 % ) as compared to females ( 27.6 % ) . The mean problem/ topic was found to be more in adolescent male childs ( 3.66, SD=1.45 ) than adolescent misss ( 3.32, SD=1.32 ) .Dr Bindu Chawla ( 2001 ) conducted a survey that outstanding psychosocial troubles that parents of immature kids with terrible disablements may get by with during their kid ‘s early old ages. The parents can assist themselves and their kids to do true their possible by doing a long-run committedness to sensitiveness, uniformity in rules, and profusion of interaction, non by offering brief explosions of attending interspersed with small engagement. This means that good parenting is possible merely through great bargain by paying of clipBerk, L.E. , ( 2001 ) stated that Parents of kids with disablements ever try to larn more new things to use them for their ain header parental strategy.The parents and kids engage in such activities conversation, a pretend-play episode, a bedtime narrative, a prep assignment, or a shopping jaunt. Through these activities, kids get wide-ranging cognition about their physical and societal universes, interpersonal relationship to people, schemes for to be able to get the better of any trouble, a sense of household and community belonging, and a personal history sentiments with cultural beliefs and values. They besides become good skilled at utilizing powerful symbolic tools for to convey the information and thought.Anne-Kristine Schanke et.al. ( 1997 ) conducted a survey psychological hurt, societal support and get bying behaviour among polio subsisters: a 5-year position on 63 infantile paralysis patient stated that psychological and psychosocial facets of get bying with late effects of infantile paraly sis. A important correlativity was found between self-reported weariness, psychological variables and societal support. Compared to old surveies, low psychological hurt, and normal type-A tonss, high accommodation and problem-focused header characterized the respondents, indicating to the importance of timing in psychosocial research of post-polio.Singhi PD et.al, ( 1990 ) stated that psychosocial jobs in households of handicapped kids The overall societal load tonss were significantly higher in both the groups with handicapped kids as compared to controls ( average tonss PD 17.8, MR 14.6, C 0.72, P less than.001 ) , and showed a important reverse correlativity with the socio-economic and educational position of parents.Surveies related to Coping degree of kids with infantile paralysisAkbar Hussein et.al. ( 2007 ) conducted a survey as emphasis assessment and get bying schemes among parents of physically challenged kids, and stated that it can be concluded that the presence of a han dicapped kid in the household causes enormous sum of stress peculiarly among the parents and they find trouble in pull offing them because emphasis of such type normally differs from mundane life emphasis Jin Takemura, et.al, ( 2004 ) conducted a cross sectional study as prevalence of post-polio syndrome. in decision, this cross sectional study of post-polio subsisters and PPS patients populating in Kitakyushu, Japan, revealed that the figure of polio subsisters per 100,000 population is 24.1, and that the prevalence of PPS is 18.0 per 100,000 population. Elizabeth Mazur ( 2001 ) conducted a survey merged stress-and-coping research with the societal theoretical account of disablement to depict the most often experient disability-related events experienced by 19 parents with acquired physical disablements and their adolescent kids, and examined the dealingss between these events, badness of disablement, and psychological accommodation. Deductions for understanding the day-to-day effects of parental physical disablement on parents and their adolescent kids are discussed, and recommendations are suggested for bar intercessions C.King et.al, ( 2000 ) sated as the wellness related quality of life of patients enduring from the late effects of infantile paralysis ( post-polio ) . It is non merely that post-polio patients are entitled to a high quality of attention: this attention is besides of importance for society, as otherwise the social-welfare costs may go really high, as a consequence of the fall-off in their productive governments. Widar and Ahlstrom ( 1999 ) stated that although both work forces and adult females with post-polio reported more hurting compared with the work forces and adult females in the general population sample, the findings in our survey indicate that it is the adult females with post-polio. The adult females with post-polio besides reported feelings of decreased emotional wellbeing compared with the adult females in the general population sample Winter k. ( 1996 ) , the adaptative degree of the disabled kid is influenced by the usage of get bying mechanisms. The get bying mechanisms include the job resolution, turning to others for support, comfort aid and blessing, credence of disablement, emotional control, and penetration, defence to seek alleviation, fond regard with others, and near friendly relationship with others, pass oning ideas, feelings and sharing information about disablement. Royers, ( 1996 ) the handicapped kids are found to be at hazard of psychological accommodation jobs. There is considerable variableness in the version of single kids to their physical disability. However, some kids function good psychologically whereas other kids exhibit psychological maladjustment.Chapter IIIMETHODOLOGY.Research attackThe research attack adopted for their survey was descriptive attack.Research design. The research design is descriptive in nature.Puting of the surveyThe survey was conducted at CSI Clara Olive Polio Home for male childs located in the beltway route at Melur. It is 30 kilometer off from C.S.I. Jeyaraj Annapackiam College of Nursing. It under the control of CSI Diocese of Madurai and Ramnad. It is a residential place for infantile paralysis affected male childs. Boys shacking in this place are within 5-20 old ages of age. A entire figure of 110 male childs are remaining the place and are go toing categories in CSI Jeyaraj Annapackiam high school which i s situated nearby to the place. The kids are taken attention by the warden.PopulationTarget population includes kids with infantile paralysis at Madurai. Accessible population is kids with infantile paralysis were 13-18 old ages shacking in Clara Olive Polio Home at Melur, Madurai.SampleThe sample were kids with infantile paralysis within 13-18 old ages of ageSample sizeThe sample size is 60. Boys included in the survey were within 13-18 old ages of age.Sampling techniqueThe research worker adopted purposive sampling technique.Standards for sample choiceThe sample was selected based on the undermentioned inclusion and exclusion standardsInclusion standardsBoys affected with infantile paralysis Boys residing in the particular school Boys within 13-18 old ages of age Boys willing to take part Male childs who are able to understand TamilExclusion standardsMale childs were infantile paralysiss who are mentally challenged Not able to pass on usuallyDescription OF THE INSTRUMENTThe instrument was developed by the research worker with the aid of reappraisal and audience with experts. Tool was a self- administered tool, which consists of 3 parts. Part I. Demographic variables. Part II. Four point ordinal graduated table to measure the psychosocial jobs. Part III. Four point likert graduated table on header degrees.Part I. Demographic variable includes,Age, sex, educational of infantile paralysis kids, faith, household construction, parent ‘s instruction, household business, grade of physical disablement, any supportive device, utilizing supportive device of infantile paralysis kidsPart II. Psychosocial jobs assessed on a 4 point graduated tableThe research worker developed her ain tool with a 4 point graduated table. The research worker based on formalizing her tool has considered 30 points of the graduated table to mensurate the degree of psychosocial jobs exhibited by the infantile paralysis kids. Part III. Coping degrees assessed on a4 point likert graduated tableSCORING Procedure:Part II: Includes to measure the degree of psychosocial job. There are 30 points. The points are interpreted on a four point likert graduated table based on Not at all, seldom, sometimes, most of the times with a mark of 1,2,3,4 severally. A entire mark is 120 The mark is interpreted as follows 1-30 Normal 31-60 Mild psycho societal job 61-90 Moderate psychosocial job 91-120 Severe psycho societal jobPart IIIIt consists of 23 statements. the get bying degree is assessed on a four point likert graduated table based on Not at all, seldom, sometimes, most of the times. & lt ; 75 % : Low get bying degree & gt ; 76: High get bying degreeCONTENT VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF THE TOOL:The cogency of the tool was obtained from 6 nursing experts. Based on their suggestions, the tool was reformed. The inquiries were evaluated for its rightness, adequateness, relevancy, completeness and fullness. Remarks and suggestions were invited and appropriate alterations were made consequently and tool was finalized the tool was translated in Tamil linguistic communication based on the demand for the survey participants. Reliability mark was r =0.8DATA COLLECTION PROCEDUREFormal permission was sought from the in charge of CSI Clara Olive Polio Home, Melur, Madurai, for carry oning a survey on kids with infantile paralysis. Initially the kids with infantile paralysis who were between 13-18 old ages of age were approached. They were explained about the intent of the survey and initial resonance was established with kids. As per the inclusion criteria the kids with infantile paralysis due to poliomyelitis were explained about infantile paralysis myelitis and its effects on psychosocial provinces and get bying schemes and the intent of the survey. After obtaining the willingness from the kids to take part in the survey ; the research worker interviewed 60 kids. After initial account sing the questionnaire the kids were given the continuance of 30 proceedingss to finish the questionnaire. The information was collected over a period of 6 hebdomads. The research worker interviewed the samples sooner over 5 yearss in a hebdomad.Data aggregation agendaDay Place No.of kids Monday Clara Olive Polio Home 2 Tuesday Clara Olive Polio Home 2 Wednesday Clara Olive Polio Home 2 Thursday Clara Olive Polio Home 3 Friday Clara Olive Polio Home 2Plan FOR DATA ANALYSISData analysis was done by utilizing descriptive and illative statistical methods.PILOT STUDYPilot survey was conducted among kids with infantile paralysis in OCPM School after acquiring permission from headmistress. The samples were selected by utilizing purposive sampling technique and 6 samples were assessed for psychosocial job and get bying degree among kids with infantile paralysis. The pilot survey revealed that the tool executablePROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS:The pilot and the chief survey were conducted after the blessing of the research and ethical commission. Permission was sought from the concerned governments of the establishment. The intent of the survey was explained. Informed consent was obtained in composing from polio kids. Assurance was given to the survey topics of their namelessness and the confidentiality of the informations collected from them.Chapter IVDATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONThe analysis and reading of informations collected from the samples of 60 kids with infantile paralysis. The findings of the survey are presented in this chapter under the undermentioned headers. Demographic variables of kids with infantile paralysis Distribution of psychosocial jobs among kids with infantile paralysis Distribution of get bying degree among kids with infantile paralysis Association between the psychosocial jobs and selected demographic variables of kids with infantile paralysis happen out the association between the header degrees and selected demographic variables of kids with infantile paralysis To correlate the psychosocial jobs and get bying degrees of kids with infantile paralysisTable – 1ADistribution of kids with infantile paralysis based on demographic informationsn=60Demographic data No %Age 13-14 old ages 5 8 15-16years 30 50 17-18years 25 42 Educational position 7th-8th venereal disease 5 8 9th-10th venereal disease 45 75 11th-12th 10 17 Religion Hindu 54 90 Christian 6 10 Muslim – – Other – – Family construction Joint household 14 23 Nuclear 46 77 Other – – Parents educational position Illiterate 18 30 Primary school 25 42 High school 11 18 Higher secondary 5 8 Graduated 1 2 Table 1 a shows show that bulk reveals that out of 60 male childs 13-14 old ages ( 8.3 % ) were between 15-16years ( 50 % ) 17-18 old ages ( 41.6 % ) Table 1b Monthly income in rupees 1000-2000 35 58 2000-3000 16 27 3000-5000 6 10 Above 5000 3 5 Degree of physical disablement Dependent 43 72 Partial dependant 15 25 Independent 2 3 Use of supportive device Yes 58 97 No 2 3 Using supportive device Crutchs 35 58 Knee ankles 23 38 Foot orthoses 2 4 Table 1b shows With respects to utilize of supportive device yes 58 ( 97 % ) , no 2 ( 3 % ) With respects of 60 male childs utilizing supportive device crutches 35 ( 58.3 % ) , knee mortise joints 23 ( 38.3 % ) and foot orthoses 2 ( 3.3 % )Fig 2Psychosocial jobs among infantile paralysis with kids.n=60.Table 2 shows that bulk 46 ( 77 % ) of kids with infantile paralysis had moderate degree of psychosocial jobs and 9 ( 15 % ) of infantile paralysis affected male childs had mild, 3 ( 5 % ) of infantile paralysis kids ‘s had terrible psychosocial jobFig 3Coping degree among infantile paralysis with kidsn=60Table 3 shows bulk of kids with infantile paralysis 35 ( 58 % ) had high get bying degree and 25 ( 42 % ) had low get bying degreeTable 2Association of demographic variables among kids with infantile paralysis and the psychosocial jobsn=60Demographic variables Above Mean Below Mean Chi-square 1. Age 13-14 old ages 1 5 15-16 old ages 20 10 9.91 17-18 old ages 20 4 2 Educational position 7th-8th venereal disease 2 3 9th-10th venereal disease 29 16 7.31 11th-12th venereal disease 10 –Family constructionJoint household 11 3 0.83 Nuclear 30 16Parent educational positionIlliterate 11 7 Primary school 9 6 High school 6 5 2.72 Higher secondary 4 1 Graduated 1 0Degree of physical disablementDependent 29 14 Partial dependant 11 4 0.43 Independent 1 1 Table 4 shows Chi-square value of 9.91 shows that there is important association between the ages of kids with infantile paralysisTable 3.Association of demographic variables among kids with infantile paralysis and the header degreesn=60Demographic variables Above Mean below Mean Chi square 1. Age 13-14 old ages 1 4 15-16 old ages 17 13 3.27 17-18 old ages 16 9 2 Educational position 7th-8th venereal disease 2 3 9th-10th venereal disease 24 20 1.65 11th-12th venereal disease 8 3 3 Family construction Joint household 9 5 0.432 Nuclear 25 21 4 Parent educational position Illiterate 9 10 Primary school 16 10 High school 5 4 1.708 Higher secondary 3 2 Graduated 1 0 5 Degree of physical disablement Dependent 25 18 Partial dependant 7 8 2.32 Independent 2 – Table 5 shows Chi-square value of 3.63 shows that there is non important association between the age of kids with infantile paralysis Chi-square value of 1.65shows that there is non important association between the educational position of kids with infantile paralysisTables 4 Correlate the psychosocial jobs and get bying degrees of kids with infantile paralysisn=60Variables Mean Standard divergence r-value Psychosocial job 83.36 364.05 Coping degree 62.51 278.3 3.320 Table 6 shows the no correlativity between the psychosocial jobs and get bying degrees among kids with infantile paralysis. It shows the obtained R value is 3.320 which is non at 0.5Chapter VDiscussionThis chapter deals with the treatment and reading of the psychosocial jobs and get bying degree of kids with infantile paralysis in Clara Olive Polio Home The treatment was based on the aims specified in this survey.The first aim of this survey was to measure the psychosocial jobs of kids with infantile paralysis.The findings revealed that the bulk 46 ( 77 % ) of kids with infantile paralysis had moderate degree of psychosocial jobs, 9 ( 15 % ) of kids with infantile paralysis had mild, 3 ( 5 % ) of infantile paralysis kids ‘s had terrible psychosocial jobs.The 2nd aim of this survey was to measure the header degrees of kids with infantile paralysis.The findings revealed that the bulk of kids with infantile paralysis 35 ( 58 % ) had high get bying degree and 25 ( 42 % ) had low get bying degreeThe 3rd aim of this survey Association of demographic variables among kids with infantile paralysis and the psychosocial jobs.Chi-square value of 9.91 shows that there is important association between the ages of kids with infantile paralysis This survey supported by findings of Ahmad 2004 prevalence of psychosocial jobs among striplings in territory Dehradun, Uttararakhand, anxiousness, depression, educational troubles and substance maltreatment were found to be higher in adolescence male childs as compared to the findingsThe 4th aim of this survey Association of demographic variables among kids with infantile paralysis and the header degreesChi-square value of 3.63 shows that there is non important association between the ages of kids with infantile paralysis. This survey supported by findings of Fugl-Meyer KS 2009, self-pride in kids and striplings with mobility impairment impact on wellbeing and get bying schemes.The 5th aim of this survey correlates the psychosocial jobs and get bying degrees of kids with infantile paralysisThe findings shows the obtained R value is 3.320 which is non at 0.5Chapter VISUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS.Summary of the surveyThe focal point of the present survey was to measure the psychosocial jobs and get bying degree of kids with infantile paralysis. The research attack used was an descriptive design A reappraisal of related literature helped the research worker to develop the conceptual model, tools, methodological analysis of this survey. The reappraisal of literature was organized under the undermentioned headers The research design adopted for this survey was a descriptive in nature. The conceptual model of this survey was based upon Roy ‘s Adaptation theoretical account. The instrument used for informations aggregation was structured questionnaire on appraisal of the psychosocial jobs and get bying degrees among kids with infantile paralysis which was prepared on the footing of reappraisal of literature and with the aid of capable experts. The tool was found to be valuable and executable. The dependability of the tool was established by the test-retest method. The pilot survey was conducted in OCPM School, Narimedu, Madurai were 10 samples taken. The pilot survey helped the research worker to corroborate the feasibleness of transporting out the chief survey. The chief survey was conducted in Clara Olive Polio Home, Melur at Madurai for a period of 6 hebdomads. A purposive sampling technique was used to roll up informations from the respondents. Descriptive and illative statistics were used to analyse the information. The information was presented utilizing tabular arraies and graphs. Summary: Sing the psychosocial jobs it was found to be present in polio kids. The psychosocial jobs affect the physical wellness. The psychosocial jobs may be due to life manner, household state of affairs, societal contacts and populating conditions. It besides depends on how they look upon the hereafter, their frights, outlooks, their hopes and wants. Sing the bulk 46 ( 77 % ) of kids with infantile paralysis had moderate degree of psychosocial jobs and 9 ( 15 % ) of infantile paralysis affected male childs had mild, 3 ( 5 % ) of infantile paralysis kids ‘s had terrible psychosocial jobs This may be due to assorted grounds like improper planning in life, deficiency of instruction, deficiency of get bying accomplishments, deficiency of reding services etc. , It was observed that there is a demand for wellness instruction plans, reding services and need for developing guidelines and compatible societal support system. Sing the association between the psychosocial jobs of kids with infantile paralysis with selected demographic variables there was no important association between the psychosocial jobs of age, educational position, and business, household type, remaining with household and utilizing support devices. The research worker feels that the jobs of an person are non depended on any of the demographic factors.DecisionThe chief decision of this present survey is the psychosocial jobs are found to be present in kids with infantile paralysis. It was found that the depression, isolation.Deductions of the surveyThe findings of the survey have several deductions in the nursing field. It can be discussed of in four countries viz. nursing pattern, nursing disposal, nursing instruction and nursing research.Deductions for Nursing PracticeThe prevalence of psychosocial jobs among kids with infantile paralysis magnifies the demand to forestall farther incidence of psychosocial jobs and their complications The findings of the survey show the demand for preventative instruction on psychosocial job through the public wellness forces to increase the consciousness sing psychosocial jobs of kids with infantile paralysis This survey happening cerates the consciousness towards immunisation sing infantile paralysis Nurses have great duties in supplying guidance services and other necessary attention needed for the kids with infantile paralysis Community wellness nurses can be after, implement and measure assorted plans sing bar of psychosocial jobs by organizing wellness squad members Community wellness nurse can develop the faculty of get bying schemes of kids with infantile paralysis Referral services follow up and information on services available will assist the kids with infantile paralysisDeductions for Nursing instructionNurse pedagogues should stress more on fixing pupils to impact wellness information to public sing jobs of kids with infantile paralysis This survey will be an oculus opener for future nursing pupils to pay attending in roll uping stuffs for continuing the kids with infantile paralysis Educational programmes should include talk and skilled presentation on attention of kids with infantile paralysis which will supply the pupils extra acquisition chances The nursing course of study of basic nursing should include cognition on attention of kids with infantile paralysis. Nursing pupils should be made cognizant of their function in wellness publicity Nursing pupils should be taught about the importance of assorted methods and techniques of supplying wellness instruction to kids with infantile paralysisDeductions for Nursing AdministrationThis survey will promote the community wellness nurse disposal to set up for conference and seminars related to polio disabled issues Booklets, press releases and brochure should be kept in mini wellness centres and primary wellness centres sing kids with infantile paralysis attention, get bying schemes, resources available for infantile paralysis handicapped kids Nurse decision makers should supply more figure of nursing services to measure, educate and prevent jobs of infantile paralysis handicapped kids in our state The nurse decision maker can form and carry on in-service and go oning nursing instruction for the staff nurses/ community wellness nurse in order to heighten their cognition and maintain the aware of the latest promotion in engineering to supply quality attention of the infantile paralysis affected kids Nurse as decision maker should take induction in explicating policies and protocols for the lovingness and protecting infantile paralysis affected kidsDeductions for Nursing ResearchThis survey motivates other research workers to carry on farther surveies sing job of infantile paralysis affected kids This survey will convey about the fact that more surveies have to be done in infantile paralysis affected kids This survey can be a baseline for future surveies to construct upon Extensive research can be conducted to make consciousness to the community sing the bar of psychosocial jobs of kids with infantile paralysis This survey helps in happening advanced methods of learning to polio affected kids on assorted facets.RecommendationsA survey can be undertaken to happen out the function of nurses in kids with infantile paralysis A comparative survey can be done on the cognition of attention givers on appraisal of kids with infantile paralysis A survey can be indicated to measure jobs of infantile paralysis affected kids in other dimensions of life like physical, societal, religious and emotional